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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Clin Exp Allergy. 2021 Jun 24;51(10):1346–1360. doi: 10.1111/cea.13953

Table 5. Multivariate associations between all maternal plasma metabolites and rhinitis by 6, 12 and 18 months in the offspring.

  6 months (n=675) 12 months (n=659) 18 months (n=651)
RR (95% CI) p-value * RR (95% CI) p-value * RR (95% CI) p-value *
N1-methylnicotinamide   0.305   0.561   0.943
   Lowest 1.0   1.0   1.0  
   2nd 1.0(0.6 – 1.6) 0.989 1.1(0.8 – 1.6) 0.562 1.2(0.8 – 1.6) 0.396
   3rd 1.1(0.7 – 1.7) 0.741 1.1(0.7 – 1.6) 0.679 1.1(0.8 – 1.5) 0.721
   Highest 1.3(0.8 – 2.1) 0.356 1.2(0.7 – 1.8) 0.522 1.1(0.7 – 1.6) 0.749
Nicotinamide   0.198   0.091   0.209
   Lowest 1.0   1.0   1.0  
   2nd 0.83(0.55 – 1.24) 0.358 0.83(0.58 – 1.18) 0.303 0.83(0.60 – 1.15) 0.272
   3rd 0.74(0.48 – 1.15) 0.182 0.82(0.57 – 1.18) 0.278 0.88(0.63 – 1.23) 0.456
   Highest 0.77(0.48 – 1.23) 0.277 0.70(0.47 – 1.05) 0.088 0.76(0.52 – 1.11) 0.155
Trigonelline   0.539   0.962   0.691
   Lowest 1.0   1.0   1.0  
   2nd 1.0(0.7 – 1.5) 0.992 0.92(0.65 – 1.31) 0.650 0.92(0.67 – 1.27) 0.620
   3rd 1.1(0.7 – 1.7) 0.725 1.0(0.7 – 1.5) 0.847 0.92(0.66 – 1.29) 0.640
   Highest 1.2(0.8 – 2.0) 0.376 1.0(0.7 – 1.5) 0.980 0.97(0.68 – 1.39) 0.858
3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid   0.562   0.796   0.791
   Lowest 1.0   1.0   1.0  
   2nd 1.0(0.7 – 1.5) 0.987 1.1(0.8 – 1.6) 0.560 1.0(0.8 – 1.5) 0.785
   3rd 0.83(0.51 – 1.34) 0.445 1.1(0.7 – 1.6) 0.725 0.97(0.67 – 1.41) 0.890
   Highest 0.90(0.53 – 1.55) 0.706 1.1(0.7 – 1.7) 0.802 0.95(0.63 – 1.43) 0.797
3-Hydroxykynurenine   0.529   0.757   0.357
   Lowest 1.0   1.0   1.0  
   2nd 1.0(0.7 – 1.6) 0.923 1.0(0.7 – 1.5) 0.995 1.0(0.7 – 1.4) 0.933
   3rd 1.0(0.6 – 1.6) 0.990 0.99(0.66 – 1.48) 0.955 1.1(0.8 – 1.6) 0.641
   Highest 1.3(0.8 – 2.1) 0.357 1.2(0.8 – 1.8) 0.505 1.2(0.8 – 1.9) 0.294
Anthranilic acid   0.872   0.092   0.276
   Lowest 1.0   1.0   1.0  
   2nd 0.97(0.63 – 1.50) 0.893 0.81(0.57 – 1.15) 0.242 0.94(0.68 – 1.29) 0.688
   3rd 0.94(0.58 – 1.51) 0.789 0.69(0.47 – 1.02) 0.061 0.81(0.57 – 1.16) 0.250
   Highest 1.1(0.7 – 1.8) 0.692 0.74(0.50 – 1.11) 0.143 0.85(0.59 – 1.23) 0.402
Kynurenic acid   0.574   0.530   0.495
   Lowest 1.0   1.0   1.0  
   2nd 0.76(0.47 – 1.22) 0.253 0.87(0.59 – 1.30) 0.506 0.93(0.64 – 1.33) 0.679
   3rd 0.65(0.37 – 1.15) 0.142 0.80(0.50 – 1.27) 0.343 0.84(0.55 – 1.28) 0.420
   Highest 1.2(0.7 – 2.3) 0.483 1.2(0.7 – 1.9) 0.585 1.2(0.7 – 1.9) 0.554
Kynurenine   0.917   0.803   0.707
   Lowest 1.0   1.0   1.0  
   2nd 0.87(0.54 – 1.42) 0.584 0.94(0.64 – 1.40) 0.763 0.84(0.59 – 1.20) 0.335
   3rd 1.1(0.7 – 1.8) 0.763 0.95(0.63 – 1.45) 0.824 0.90(0.61 – 1.32) 0.576
   Highest 0.88(0.48 – 1.64) 0.694 0.94(0.57 – 1.55) 0.822 0.91(0.57 – 1.45) 0.681
Quinolinic acid   0.690   0.860   0.845
   Lowest 1.0   1.0   1.0  
   2nd 0.82(0.51 – 1.31) 0.400 0.87(0.59 – 1.29) 0.492 0.88(0.61 – 1.26) 0.492
   3rd 0.99(0.60 – 1.62) 0.952 0.99(0.65 – 1.51) 0.973 1.0(0.7 – 1.5) 0.831
   Highest 0.84(0.47 – 1.50) 0.552 0.89(0.54 – 1.47) 0.645 0.90(0.57 – 1.43) 0.664
Tryptophan   0.704   0.242   0.761
   Lowest 1.0   1.0   1.0  
   2nd 1.1(0.7 – 1.7) 0.621 1.0(0.7 – 1.5) 0.904 0.97(0.69 – 1.37) 0.858
   3rd 0.96(0.60 – 1.53) 0.847 1.3(0.9 – 1.9) 0.232 1.2(0.8 – 1.7) 0.339
   Highest 0.97(0.58 – 1.65) 0.922 1.2(0.8 – 1.9) 0.360 1.0(0.7 – 1.5) 0.991
Xanthurenic acid   0.699   0.488   0.641
   Lowest 1.0   1.0   1.0  
   2nd 1.1(0.7 – 1.7) 0.781 1.1(0.8 – 1.7) 0.517 1.0(0.7 – 1.5) 0.791
   3rd 1.0(0.6 – 1.8) 0.911 1.1(0.7 – 1.7) 0.787 1.1(0.7 – 1.7) 0.670
   Highest 0.86(0.45 – 1.62) 0.635 0.86(0.50 – 1.48) 0.591 0.90(0.55 – 1.47) 0.667

RR = 1.0 is the reference category.

p values of trend of metabolites in italics

Benjamini-Hochberg correction with false discovery rate at 0.20 and n=132 was applied. No associations were significant after correction.

*

Adjusted for maternal age, ethnicity, maternal history of allergy, antibiotic used and infant sex