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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng. 2021 Aug 18;386:114092. doi: 10.1016/j.cma.2021.114092

Figure 7.

Figure 7

Left ventricular pV loops showing the initial response (A–C) and 4 cycles (D–F) after applying a step change in loading conditions and contractility. (A) Altering afterload by increasing/decreasing the systemic vascular resistance, R sys pivots arterial elastance E a curve. Endsystolic elastance, E es and intercept V d characterizing the ESPVR was determined by linear regression of end-systolic data points V es and p es, marked by solid circles. (B) Increasing/decreasing preload shifts E a curve and increases/decreases stroke volume via the Starling mechanism, mediated by the length-dependence of the active stress model. Determination of ESPVR was consistent with afterload protocol. (C) Increasing/decreasing contractility increases/decreases stroke volume, LV peak pressure and p es. For each contractile state afterload was also perturbed to determine end-systolic elastance E es and V d.