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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Oct 10.
Published in final edited form as: Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2021 Jul 29;176:113901. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113901

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Bridging the gap between in vivo and in vitro interfaces in the lungs: Left: schematic of the respiratory region (i.e. pulmonary acinus) exemplifying the alveolar-capillary barrier and its cellular make-up. Right: Overview of preclinical in vitro models for pulmonary research spanning traditional assays including culture plates under immersed conditions and air-liquid interface (ALI) based assays to advanced in vitro models, featuring “soft” membrane-based assays and microfluidic lung-on-chips.