The Arp2/3-mediated in situ polymerisation is concentrated as a 3 dimensional network in a circumferential pattern at the edge of the cells. A polymerisation mix containing actin (“actin only”, a, c) or actin plus Arp2/3 plus VCA (“actin + activated Arp2/3”, b, d) was incubated on extracted cytoskeleton for 1 (a, b) or 5 (c, d) min before the cells were fixed and processed for replica microscopy. Right column: Red/blue 3D version of images e-h. Note that the “actin + activated Arp2/3” samples present leading edges with a much denser actin network, which is largely the result of a strong 3 dimensional growth of a newly formed network on top of the pre-existing one (see 3D montages on the right). Bars: a-d, 5um; e-h, 1 um.