Figure 2. Nanoparticle targeting of the immune system in immune cell-enriched organs.

(1) Subcutaneous administration of nanoparticles (NP) can lead to lymph node targeting. Surface decoration of such NPs can allow for the specific targeting of lymph node resident monocytes and stimulate cytokine inhibition. (2) NPs can deliver neoantigen RNA cargo in specific cells in lymph node and spleen for eliciting a personalized anti-cancer response. (3) Surface decoration of NPs with various motifs can enable the targeting of spleen resident monocytes and the stimulation of cytokine production. (4) NPs functionalized with contrast agents can be used for targeting myeloid cells in various tissues (e.g., bone marrow, spleen) and visualize their transportation to a cancerous or inflammatory lesion. (5) Similarly to the delivery of neoantigen vaccines in lymph node and spleen, targeting of NPs in dendritic cells in the bone marrow can also be used for eliciting anti-cancer responses. (6) NPs can deliver specific antibody-encoding mRNAs in the liver for targeting T cells, cancer, and epithelial cells and eventually stimulating the anti-cancer T cell responses. (7) By synthesizing NPs with desired biophysical characteristics, organ-specific targeting can be achieved and used for delivering RNA therapeutics or applying gene editing.