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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Dec 2.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Rev Phys. 2021 Sep 17;3(12):777–790. doi: 10.1038/s42254-021-00368-5

Figure 5. Biological advantages of heavy ions.

Figure 5

D, dose; G1, pre-DNA replication (S) cell cycle phase; G2, post-DNA replication (S) cell cycle phase; LET, linear energy transfer; OER, oxygen enhancement ratio; RBE, relative biological effectiveness; S, survival; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor89.