Table 4. Risk factors for eczema among schoolchildren in Uganda (N = 1691).
| Eczema ever | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Adj. OR1 (95% CI) | p-value | Yes (N = 265) | No (N = 1426) |
| Age, years Mean (SD) | 11.55 (3.20) | 11.02 (3.11) | 1.06 (1.01–1.12) | .01 |
| Girls (942) | 161 (60.7) | 781 (54.8) | 1.24 (0.92–1.69) | .16 |
| Father’s history of allergic disease [m = 148] | ||||
| Yes (363) | 87 (34.8) | 276 (21.3) | 2.19 (1.56–3.09) | <.0001 |
| Mother’s history of allergic disease [m = 125] | ||||
| Yes (592) | 124 (49.6) | 468 (35.6) | 1.94 (1.42–2.67) | <.0001 |
| Area of residence at the time of the child’s birth | ||||
| Rural (354) | 60 (22.6) | 294 (20.6) | 1 | .03 |
| Town (1188) | 168 (63.4) | 1020 (71.5) | 0.81 (0.56–1.17) | |
| City (149) | 37 (14.0) | 112 (7.9) | 1.55 (0.91–2.63)a | |
| Frequency of ‘trucks passing on street near child’s home’ at enrolment | ||||
| Rarely (944) | 137 (51.7) | 807 (56.6) | 1 | .05 |
| Frequently (624) | 96 (36.2) | 528 (37.0) | 1.14 (0.82–1.59) | |
| Almost all the time (123) | 32 (12.1) | 91 (6.4) | 1.94 (1.14–3.32)b | |
| Use of de-worming medication in last 12 months [m = 1] | ||||
| None (578) | 84 (31.7) | 494 (34.7) | 1 | .006 |
| Once (732) | 97 (36.6) | 635 (44.5) | 0.89 (0.62–1.27) | |
| ≥Twice (380) | 84 (31.7) | 296 (20.8) | 1.63 (1.10–2.43)c | |
| Any helminth infection2 at enrolment [m = 129] | ||||
| Yes (212) | 28 (11.2) | 184 (14.0) | 0.76 (0.47–1.25) | .28 |
| Skin Prick Test response to any of 7 allergens at enrolment [m = 35] | ||||
| Positive (≥3 mm) (657) | 121 (46.0) | 536 (38.5) | 1.26 (0.92–1.72) | .15 |
| Allergen-specific IgE at enrolment (N = 397)3 | ||||
| Atopic (≥0.35 kUA/L) (251) | 48 (73.8) | 203 (61.1) | 1.41 (0.69–2.88) | .34 |
| Total IgE at enrolment (N = 398) | ||||
| Median (95% CI) kU/L | 431.4 (183.7–639.4) | 335.4 (274.0–413.5) | 1.00 (0.9998–1.0002) | .94 |
Abbreviations: Adj. OR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; m, missing; N, number; SD, standard deviation; Columns 2 and 3 represent number (%), unless stated otherwise.
1
Adjusted for child’s age, sex, area of residence at birth and father’s education. Test for trend p-value: a = .50; b = .04; c = .04.
2
Any of Schistosoma mansoni, Trichuris trichuria, hookworm, and Ascaris lumbricoides infections.
3
ImmunoCAP®, cut-off > 0.35 kUA/L.