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. 2021 Dec 21;1:82. doi: 10.1038/s43705-021-00078-0

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — A Relative abundance (%) of the taxonomic annotations at the genus level based on the co-assembled contigs using Kraken2. Differences in composition are observed between the different fractions as well as between the individuals (Ind). B Relative abundance (%) of the functional classification on the co-assembled contigs according to clusters of orthologous groups (COGs) and non-coding RNA types. Abbreviations of the functional categories: A: RNA processing and modification; B: chromatin structure and dynamics; C: energy production and conversion; D: cell cycle control: cell division: chromosome partitioning; E: amino acid transport and metabolism; F: nucleotide transport and metabolism; G: carbohydrate transport and metabolism; H: coenzyme transport and metabolism; I: lipid transport and metabolism; J: translation: ribosomal structure and biogenesis; K: transcription; L: replication: recombination and repair; M: cell wall/membrane/envelope biogenesis; N: cell motility; O: post-translational modification: protein turnover and chaperones; P: inorganic ion transport and metabolism; Q: secondary metabolites biosynthesis: transport and catabolism; S: function unknown; T: signal transduction mechanisms; U: intracellular trafficking: secretion and vesicular transport; V: defense mechanisms; Z: cytoskeleton. C Heatmap of the bile acid (BA) and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations (µg/L; logarithmic scale), measured by GC-MS and LC-HRMS, respectively, for each individual. Lower concentrations are indicated in blue and range from 0 to 98,029.2 µg/L, higher concentrations are shown in red, ranging from 98,029.2 to 196,058.4 µg/L. SCFAs are originally measured in µmol/L in a dynamic range from 10 to 4000 µmol/L, BAs are measured in ng/mL ranging from 50 to 4000 ng/mL. BAs bile acids, SCFAs short-chain fatty acids, int-DNA intracellular DNA, ex-DNA extracellular DNA, ex-sRNA extracellular small RNA, ex-lRNA extracellular large RNA, ex-Prot extracellular proteins.