Table1. Baseline characteristics of Ghanaians participants in RODAM study.
| Non-migrants
1
(n=347) |
Migrants
2
(n=365) |
|
|---|---|---|
| Aging estimators, mean (SD) | ||
| Chronological Age 3 | 52.36(9.84) | 49.9(9.76) |
| DNA HorvathAge 4 | 50.78(10.04) | 48(9.62) |
| DNAm HannumAge 5 | 44.01(9.93) | 39.82(8.96) |
| DNAm PhenoAge 6 | 41.2(10.77) | 35.68(10.07) |
| DNAM GrimAge 7 | 39.35(8.72) | 37.07(8.33) |
| IEAA 8 | 0.35(6.14) | -0.34(5.88) |
| EEAA 9 | 0.90(5.26) | -0.86(5.09) |
| PhenoAgeAccel 10 | 1.77(6.9) | -1.68(6.41) |
| GrimAgeAccel 11 | 0.19(3.79) | -0.18(3.85) |
| Other Demographic factors | ||
| Female, n (%) | 243(70.02) | 166(45.47) |
| Education, n (%) | ||
| No education | 160 (46.11) | 79(21.64) |
| Primary school | 136(39.19) | 154(42.19) |
| Secondary school | 38(10.96) | 78(21.37) |
| Tertiary | 13(3.74) | 54(14.79) |
| Behavior related factors | ||
| Any Alcohol consumption, n (%) | 121 (34.90) | 152(41.60) |
| Smoking, n (%) | ||
| Current | 5(1.44) | 18(4.93) |
| Never | 309(89.04) | 316(86.58) |
| Past | 33(9.52) | 31(8.49) |
| Physical activity levels, n (%) 12 | ||
| Low | 131(37.75) | 137(37.53) |
| Moderate | 65(18.73) | 86(23.56) |
| High | 151(43.52) | 142(38.90) |
| Total Energy intake, Kcal/day 13 | 2386.24(824.96) | 2894.10 (1113.31) |
| Length of stay for migrants, years 14 | NA | 20.39(12.30-25.35) |
| One carbon metabolism nutrient intake, mean (SD) 15 | ||
| Vitamin B2 (riboflavin, mg/day) | 1.29(0.51) | 2.24(1.60) |
| Vitamin B6 (mg/day) | 2.32(0.80) | 3.01(1.29) |
| Vitamin B9 (folate; µg /day) | 311.56(113.22) | 445.31(203.87) |
| Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin; µg /day) 14 | 5.92(3.81-10.17) | 12.82(7.19-34.43) |
| Cardio-metabolic Factors, mean (SD) | ||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.74(5.59) | 28.18(4.92) |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 130.91(22.27) | 136.77(18.44) |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 80.8(12.32) | 84.85(11.44) |
| Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L) 14 | 5.13(4.73-6.18) | 5.26(4.87-7.61) |
| Use of medication | ||
| Use of anti-diabetic medication, n (%) 16 | 23(6.62) | 37(10.14) |
Ghanaians living in rural and urban Ghana were categorised as non-migrants
Ghanaians living in Amsterdam, Berlin and London were categorised as migrants.
Age provided by the participant during questionnaire interviews
DNA methylation age obtained using the Horvath clock
DNA methylation age obtained using the Hannum clock
DNA methylation age obtained using the PhenoAge clock
DNA methylation age obtained using GrimAge clock
Intrinsic epigenetic age acceleration (within each cell) obtained using Horvath clock
Extrinsic epigenetic age acceleration (between different cells) using Hannum clock
Epigenetic age acceleration incorporating clinical traits obtained using the PhenoAge clock
Epigenetic age acceleration incorporating plasma proteins obtained using GrimAge clock
Physical activity categorised according to the global physical activity questionnaire (GPAQ) criteria
Total energy intakes obtained by food frequency questionnaires in Kcal/day
Data presented as medians, interquartile range.
One carbon metabolism nutrients intake obtained via food frequency questionnaires.
Use of medications to treat diabetes (oral and injectables).