Table 2. Lifestyle factors, cardiometabolic traits and epigenetic age acceleration in migrant and non-migrant Ghanaians in RODAM study.
| IEAA (Horvath) 1 | EEAA (Hannum) 2 | PhenoAgeAccel 3 | GrimAgeAccel 4 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-migrants
5
(N=347) |
Migrants
6
(N=365) |
Non-migrants
5
(N=347) |
Migrants
6
(N=365) |
Non-migrants
5
(N=347) |
Migrants
6
(N=365) |
Non-migrants
5
(N=347) |
Migrants
6
(N=365) |
|
| β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | |
| Lifestyle factors | ||||||||
| Alcohol consumption | ||||||||
| No | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Yes (crude) | –0.77 (–2.13;0.59) | –1.07 (–2.29;0.16) | –0.82 (–1.99;0.34) | –0.39 (–1.46;0.67) | –0.37 (–1.90;1.16) | –0.38 (–1.72;0.96) | –0.58 (–0.28;1.39) | 0.64 (–0.17;1.44) |
| Yes (adjusted) | –0.92 (–2.32;0.48) | –0.01 (–1.71;1.70) | –1.03 (–2.23;0.18) | –0.27 (–1.70;1.16) | –0.74 (–2.31;0.84) | –0.08 (–1.86;1.71) | –0.17 (–0.97;0.63) | 0.44 (–0.33;1.22) |
| Physical activity levels 7 | ||||||||
| Low | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Moderate (crude) | –0.77 (–2.60;1.07) | –0.27 (–1.86;1.32) | –0.20 (–1.78;1.37) | –0.90 (–2.28;0.48) | 0.96 (–1.10;3.03) | –0.37 (–2.10;1.35) | 0.74 (–0.38;1.86) | –0.29 (–1.34;0.74) |
| Moderate (adjusted) | –0.78 (–2.67;1.11) | 0.64 (–2.82;2.82) | –0.18 (–1.81;1.44) | –0.33 (–2.16;1.49) | 0.71 (–1.41;2.85) | 0.12 (–2.16;2.41) | –0.13 (–1.21;0.04) | –0.52 (–1.49;0.44) |
| High (crude) | –0.67 (–2.12;0.77) | –1.16 (–2.54;0.22) | –0.674 (–1.91;0.56) | –0.71 (–1.92;0.48) | 0.41 (–1.21;2.04) | –1.91 (–3.41;0.41) | –0.53 (–1.43;0.35) | 0.49 (–0.41;1.39) |
| High (adjusted) | –0.33 (–1.85;1.20) | –0.19 (–1.69;1.69) | –0.347 (–1.66;0.96) | –0.21 (–1.79;1.36) | 0.55 (–1.16;2.27) | –2.16 (–4.13; –0.20) | –1.12 (–1.98; 0.25) | –0.15 (–1.00;0.69) |
| Tobacco smoking | ||||||||
| Past (crude) | 1.59 (–0.61;3.79) | –0.35 (–0.72;0.03) | 0.62 (–1.28;2.52) | –0.13 (–2.02;1.75) | –0.11 (–2.60;2.37) | –1.67 (–4.05;0.70) | 3.14 (1.81;4.49) | 1.89 (0.52;3.26) |
| Past (adjusted) | –3.15 (–9.09;2.79) | –0.26 (–0.42;0.42) | –1.33 (–6.44;3.78) | 3.11 (–0.79;7.02) | –7.07 (–13.76; –0.40) | 1.44 (–3.4;6.32) | 0.51 (–2.86;3.89) | –2.09 (–4.22;0.02) |
| Current (crude) | 5.01 (–0.40;10.43) | –0.03 (–2.83;2.78) | 1.07 (–3.60;5.75) | –1.91 (–4.33;0.52) | 5.62 (–0.48;11.73) | –0.24 (–3.30;2.81) | 1.83 (–1.43;5.19) | 4.56 (2.79;6.32) |
| Current (adjusted) | –5.13 (–10.61;0.35) | –1.39 (–5.19;5.19) | –1.34 (–6.06;3.37) | 2.91 (–0.28;6.09) | –6.31 (–12.47; –0.15) | 1.29 (–2.68;5.28) | –1.26 (–4.38;1.85) | –3.60 (–5.36; –1.80) |
| Length of stay in Europe among migrants | ||||||||
| Length of stay (crude) | NA | –0.01 (–0.07;0.05) | NA | –0.03 (–0.07;0.01) | NA | –0.04 (–0.14;0.06) | NA | 0.01 (–0.04;0.05) |
| Length of stay (adjusted) | NA | 0.04 (–0.02;0.12) | NA | 0.04 (–0.03;0.11) | NA | 0.05 (–0.04;0.13) | NA | 0.03 (–0.02;0.08) |
| One carbon metabolism nutrients 7 | ||||||||
| Vit B2 (crude) | –1.37 (–2.63;0.12) | –0.35 (–0.72;0.03) | –0.585 (–1.67;0.50) | –0.13 (–0.47;0.19) | –1.59 (–3.01; –0.18) | 0.07 (–0.34;0.49) | –0.54 (–1.32;0.24) | 0.09 (–0.15;0.33) |
| Vit B2 (adjusted) | –1.06 (–3.39;1.27) | –0.26 (–0.94;0.42) | –1.92 (–3.94;0.08) | –0.12 (–0.69;0.45) | –3.09 (–5.72; –0.47) | –0.29 (–1.01;0.41) | –1.51 (–2.75;0.27) | –0.06 (–0.39;0.26) |
| Vit B6 (crude) | –0.69 (–1.50;0.12) | –0.14 (–0.61;0.33) | 0.01 (–0.69;0.70) | –0.05 (–0.46;0.36) | –0.43 (–1.35;0.47) | 0.46 (–0.05;0.97) | –0.10 (–0.60;0.41) | 0.10 (–0.20;0.49) |
| Vit B6 (adjusted) | –1.31 (–3.78;1.15) | 0.66 (–2.18;2.18) | –0.59 (–2.72;1.52) | –0.08 (–1.36;1.19) | –2.13 (–4.90;0.64) | 0.96 (–0.63;2.56) | –0.93 (–2.26;0.39) | 0.39 (–0.32;1.03) |
| Vit B9 (crude) | 0.00 (–0.01;0.00) | 0.00 (0.00;0.00) | 0.02 (0.00;0.01) | –0.01 (0.00;0.00) | 0.01 (–0.01;0.01) | 0.00 (0.00;0.01) | 0.01 (–0.02;0.05) | 0.00 (–0.02;0.02) |
| Vit B9 (adjusted) | –0.01 (0.00;0.03) | 0.00 (–0.01;0.01) | –0.01 (–0.02; –0.001) | –0.01 (–0.01;0.00) | –0.02 (0.04; –0.001) | –0.00 (–0.01;0.01) | -0.01 (–0.03; –0.02) | 0.00 (–0.04;0.03) |
| Vit B12 (crude) | 0.00 (–0.04;0.03) | 0.04 (–0.03;0.10) | 0.02 (–0.01;0.05) | –0.01 (–0.06;0.05) | –0.01 (–0.04;0.04) | 0.08 (0.00;0.14) | –0.01 (–0.02;0.02) | –0.02 (–0.01; –0.03) |
| Vit B12 (adjusted) | 0.00 (–0.04;0.04) | 0.05 (–0.20;0.31) | 0.03 (;0.001;0.06) | 0.14 (–0.09;0.36) | 0.01 (–0.03;0.05) | 0.13 (–0.15;0.41) | –0.01 (–0.03;0.02) | 0.02 (–0.02;0.06) |
| Cardiometabolic factors | ||||||||
| BMI (crude) | –0.15 (–0.27; –0.04) | –0.04 (–0.16;0.09) | –0.16 (–0.26; –0.07) | –0.03 (–0.14;0.07) | –0.22 (–0.35; –0.10) | –0.13 (–0.26;0.01) | –0.16 (–0.23; –0.09) | –0.09 (–0.17;0.02) |
| BMI (adjusted) | –0.14 (–0.26; –0.02) | 0.00 (–0.14;0.14) | –0.14 (–0.25; –0.04) | 0.00 (–0.11;0.12) | –0.21 (–0.34; –0.07) | –0.13 (–0.27;0.01) | –0.11 (–0.18; –0.04) | –0.01 (–0.09;0.07) |
| SBP (crude) | 0.01 (–0.03;0.04) | –0.01 (–0.05;0.02) | 0.01 (–0.01;0.04) | 0.00 (–0.03;0.03) | –0.01 (–0.04;0.02) | 0.01 (–0.03;0.05) | 0.00 (–0.01;0.02) | 0.02 (–0.01;0.04) |
| SBP (adjusted) | 0.00 (–0.03;0.03) | –0.02 (–0.02;0.02) | 0.00 (–0.02;0.03) | 0.00 (–0.03;0.03) | –0.02 (–0.05;0.02) | 0.02 (–0.02;0.06) | –0.01 (–0.02;0.02) | 0.01 (–0.01;0.03) |
| DBP (crude) | –0.02 (–0.08;0.03) | –0.02 (–0.07;0.03) | 0.02 (–0.03;0.06) | 0.01 (–0.04;0.06) | –0.04 (–0.10;0.02) | 0.00 (–0.06–0.06) | 0.01 (–0.02;0.04) | 0.07 (0.03;0.11) |
| DBP (adjusted) | –0.03 (–0.09;0.02) | –0.04 (–0.02;0.02) | 0.01 (–0.04;0.05) | –0.01 (–0.06;0.05) | –0.05 (–0.11;0.02) | 0.01 (–0.06–0.07) | –0.01 (–0.04;0.02) | 0.03 (–0.01;0.06) |
| FBG (crude) | 0.12 (–0.03;0.28) | 0.29 (0.01;0.58) | 0.10 (–0.03;0.23) | 0.32 (0.08;0.57) | 0.15 (–0.03;0.32) | 0.37 (0.05–0.68) | 0.15 (0.06;0.25) | 0.29 (0.11;0.48) |
| FBG (adjusted) | 0.12 (–0.04;0.28) | 0.30 (0.01;0.59) | 0.08 (–0.06;0.22) | 0.31 (0.05;0.56) | 0.14 (–0.0;0.32) | 0.39 (0.07;0.71) | 0.12 (0.03;0.21) | 0.18 (0.01;0.34) |
The table depicts linear regression model β with 95% confidence intervals. Crude = crude linear regression model, adjusted= fully adjusted linear regression model for age, sex, education, smoking, physical activity, alcohol intake, total energy intake, and duration of stay in host countries for migrants, respectively.
Intrinsic epigenetic age acceleration (within each cell) obtained using Horvath clock
Extrinsic epigenetic age acceleration (between different cells) using Hannum clock
Epigenetic age acceleration incorporating clinical traits obtained using the PhenoAge clock
Epigenetic age acceleration incorporating plasma proteins obtained using GrimAge clock
Ghanaians living in rural and urban Ghana were categorised as non-migrants
Ghanaians living in Amsterdam, Berlin and London were categorised as migrants.
Levels of physical activity categorised according to GPAQ criteria. Abbreviations: Length stay= duration of stay in Europe for migrants, Vit= Vitamin, Vitamin intake was measured in mg/day for Vitamin B2 and Vitamin B6, while vitamin B9 and Vitamin B12 were measured in mcg/day, BMI= body mass index (kg/m2), SBP= systolic blood pressure (mmHg), DBP= diastolic blood pressure (mmHg), FBG= fasting blood glucose (mmol/L). Highlighted results are the statistically significant results in the adjusted linear regression models.