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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Feb 9.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Food. 2021 Dec 13;2(12):970–980. doi: 10.1038/s43016-021-00385-8

Table 2. Indicators for global agriculture by carbon pricing regime and carbon price level.

result indicator Carbon pricing regime No carbon price Carbon price US$150 t−1 Carbon price US$500 t−1
Low-animal-protein diet No dietary change Low-animal-protein diet No dietary change Low-animal- protein diet
Added warming from CH4 emissions compared to 2010 No carbon pricing −36
MEF-LT (= 6.25) −51 −80 −88 −109
GWP100 (= 25) −85 −107 −117 −131
MEF-ST (= 100) −115 −130 −132 −141
Added warming from non-Co2 emissions compared to 2010 No carbon pricing −23
MEF-LT (= 6.25) −34 −53 −58 −72
GWP100 (= 25) −53 −68 −74 −84
MEF-ST (= 100) −70 −81 −84 −91
Total production index No carbon pricing −13
MEF-LT (= 6.25) −2 −15 −6 −17
GWP100 (= 25) −3 −15 −6 −17
MEF-ST (= 100) −4 −16 −8 −18
Crop production index No carbon pricing −8
MEF-LT (= 6.25) −2 −10 −4 −11
GWP100 (= 25) −2 −9 −4 −11
MEF-ST (= 100) −2 −9 −4 −11
Non-ruminant production index No carbon pricing −30
MEF-LT (= 6.25) −2 −30 −5 −31
GWP100 (= 25) −2 −30 −5 −30
MEF-ST (= 100) −1 −29 −4 −27
ruminant production index No carbon pricing −27
MEF-LT (= 6.25) −8 −35 −18 −42
GWP100 (= 25) −14 −39 −25 −47
MEF-ST (= 100) −24 −46 −36 −52
Producer price No carbon pricing −16
MEF-LT (= 6.25) 5 −11 16 −2
GWP100 (= 25) 8 −9 24 4
MEF-ST (= 100) 17 −2 51 26

Average of models; percentage change relative to baseline in 2070.