Fig. 4. Schematic illustrating a One Health approach for a rabies elimination programme.

The medical and veterinary sectors have key responsibilities for the provision of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) and mass dog vaccination, respectively, that directly affect their corresponding intersectoral partner. Integrated surveillance (interactively informed by both the public and animal health sectors) is at the intersection of all activities: it is used to monitor progress and inform management actions, including the procurement of human and animal vaccines. The use of integrated bite-case management (IBCM), in which the identification of suspicious animal bites informs investigations, is a direct channel of communication across sectors and a sensitive method for enhancing surveillance, to verify freedom from disease and for a rapid outbreak response in areas at risk of incursion