Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the study population within quartiles of fasting GIP.
| Total | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 3,342 | 832 | 846 | 834 | 830 | |
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age (years) | 72.5 ± 5.6 | 71.6 ± 5.5 | 72.5 ± 5.5 | 72.8 ± 5.6 | 72.8 ± 5.7 | <0.001 |
| Female sex, n (%) | 1,985 (59.4) | 506 (60.2) | 498 (58.5) | 489 (57.9) | 511 (60.5) | 0.620 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.9 ± 4.4 | 26.4 ± 4.0 | 26.7 ± 4.0 | 26.7 ± 4.4 | 27.8 ± 5.0 | <0.001 |
| Laboratory | ||||||
| GIP (pmol/L) f | 41.0 (30.4–56.5) | 24.3 (20.2–27.4) | 35.7 (33.1–38.1) | 47.5 (44.2–51.4) | 80.0 (63.2–89.4) | <0.001 |
| GLP-1 (pmol/L) f | 8 (6–10) | 7 (6–9) | 8 (6–9) | 8 (6–10) | 8 (6–10) | <0.001 |
| Insulin (pmol/L) f | 53.5 (37.5–76.4) | 47.2 (34.7–66.0) | 50.7 (35.4–72.9) | 54.2 (38.9–76.4) | 65.3 (44.4–93.1) | <0.001 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) f | 5.9 (5.4–6.5) | 5.8 (5.3–6.3) | 5.8 (5.4–6.4) | 5.9 (5.4–6.4) | 6.1 (5.5–6.8) | <0.001 |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.0 (0.7–1.3) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 1.0 (0.7–1.3) | 1.0 (0.7–1.3) | 1.1 (0.8–1.4) | <0.001 |
| HOMA-IR | 2.0 (1.4–3.1) | 1.7 (1.2–2.6) | 1.9 (1.3–2.8) | 2.0 (1.4–3.0) | 2.6 (1.7–3.9) | <0.001 |
| Postchallenge values* | ||||||
| GIP (pmol/L) | 222.8 (163.5–293.6) | 178.5 (107.6–270.0) | 193.7 (129.8–287.5) | 208.0 (147.3–356.3) | 222.9 (163.8–293.7) | <0.001 |
| GLP-1 (pmol/L) | 16 (12–21) | 16 (12–20) | 15 (12–20) | 16 (12–21) | 16 (13–21) | 0.463 |
| Insulin (pmol/L) | 39.8 (25.8–63.3) | 37.6 (24.2–64.8) | 40.0 (25.5–63.7) | 41.1 (26.4–63.4) | 40.3 (26.8–62.8) | 0.686 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 6.8 (5.6–8.2) | 6.7 (5.4–8.2) | 6.8 (5.6–8.2) | 6.8 (5.4–8.1) | 6.8 (5.6–8.4) | 0.297 |
| Clinical profile | ||||||
| SBP (mmHg) | 139 ± 18 | 137 ± 17 | 138 ± 18 | 139 ± 18 | 141 ± 19 | <0.001 |
| AHT, n (%) | 1,684 (50.4) | 370 (44.0) | 406 (47.7) | 438 (51.8) | 498 (59.0) | <0.001 |
| Lipid-lowering drugs, n (%) | 1,007 (30.1) | 226 (26.9) | 219 (25.7) | 270 (32.0) | 309 (36.6) | <0.001 |
| Smoker, n (%) | 240 (7.2) | 55 (6.5) | 53 (6.2) | 56 (6.6) | 78 (9.2) | 0.059 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 356 (10.7) | 46 (5.5) | 61 (7.2) | 88 (10.4) | 170 (20.1) | <0.001 |
| IMTmeanCCA (mm) | 0.889 (0.783–1.021) | 0.870 (0.775–1.001) | 0.888 (0.780–1.024) | 0.893 (0.788–1.022) | 0.903 (0.789–1.049) | 0.002 |
| IMTmaxBulb (mm) | 1.665 (1.303–2.274) | 1.597 (1.256–2.139) | 1.662 (1.303–2.278) | 1.644 (1.338–2.210) | 1.774 (1.316–2.415) | 0.001 |
Data are means ± SD or median (interquartile range) unless otherwise indicated.
f
Fasting.
*
Postchallenge values (2 h postchallenge [at 120 min]) in subjects without diabetes only.