Table 4. Meta-analysis of associations of fetal genetic score with anthropometric and cardiometabolic traits in early childhood, adolescence and adults in Indians.
| Traits | Children | Adolescents | Adults | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Effect | P | I2 | Het-P | N | Effect | P | I2 | Het-P | N | Effect | P | I2 | Het-P | |
| Weight (Z) | 1866 | 0.008 | 0.001 | 0 | 0.830 | 1120 | 0.002 | 0.592 | 0 | 0.641 | 3311 | 0.002 | 0.341 | 0 | 0.698 |
| Height (Z) | 1865 | 0.006 | 0.017 | 0 | 0.846 | 1120 | 0.002 | 0.437 | 0 | 0.889 | 3307 | 0.003 | 0.037 | 0 | 0.574 |
| Body mass index (Z) | 1865 | 0.007 | 0.007 | 0 | 0.666 | 1120 | 0.001 | 0.844 | 0 | 0.581 | 3306 | 0.000 | 0.977 | 0 | 0.438 |
| Head circumference (Z) | 1866 | 0.007 | 0.003 | 0 | 0.999 | 1115 | 0.004 | 0.223 | 0 | 0.633 | 3256 | 0.006 | 5.5×10-4 | 32.2 | 0.194 |
| Waist circumference (Z) | 1864 | 0.010 | 5.5×10-5 | 0 | 0.463 | 1096 | 0.004 | 0.254 | 0 | 0.918 | 3251 | 0.001 | 0.528 | 13.8 | 0.326 |
| Hip circumference (Z) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 3256 | 0.001 | 0.456 | 0 | 0.680 |
| Waist to hip ratio (Z) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 3247 | 0.001 | 0.603 | 9.8 | 0.353 |
| Mid upper arm circumference (Z) | 1865 | 0.005 | 0.032 | 0 | 0.705 | 1112 | 0.000 | 0.976 | 0 | 0.595 | 3258 | 0.000 | 0.852 | 0 | 0.645 |
| Triceps skinfold (Z) | 1865 | 0.002 | 0.511 | 0 | 0.760 | 1114 | 0.002 | 0.487 | 0 | 0.790 | 3259 | 0.001 | 0.748 | 0 | 0.725 |
| Subscapular skinfold (Z) | 1865 | 0.003 | 0.280 | 52.2 | 0.123 | 1113 | 0.002 | 0.603 | 0 | 0.825 | 3238 | -0.001 | 0.673 | 0 | 0.926 |
| Fat percentage (Z) | 1860 | 0.003 | 0.254 | 50.3 | 0.133 | 1085 | 0.002 | 0.475 | 45.8 | 0.174 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Systolic blood pressure (Z)* | 1847 | -0.002 | 0.411 | 0 | 0.410 | 1102 | -0.005 | 0.112 | 88.6 | 0.003 | 3081 | 0.000 | 0.801 | 0 | 0.454 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (Z)* | 1848 | 0.000 | 0.989 | 0 | 0.765 | 1102 | 0.000 | 0.904 | 92.4 | 0.000 | 3082 | 0.000 | 0.922 | 0 | 0.467 |
| Fasting glucose (Z)* | 1840 | -0.002 | 0.483 | 0 | 0.497 | 1110 | 0.000 | 0.908 | 92.8 | 0.000 | 2601 | -0.006 | 9.3×10-4 | 30.5 | 0.218 |
| 120 minutes glucose (Z)* | 1809 | 0.002 | 0.321 | 0 | 0.434 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1320 | 0.000 | 0.905 | 0 | 0.707 |
| Fasting insulin (Z)* | 1831 | 0.002 | 0.369 | 18.9 | 0.291 | 1111 | 0.002 | 0.463 | 47.7 | 0.167 | 2596 | -0.002 | 0.359 | 0 | 0.823 |
| HOMA-IR (Z)* | 1756 | 0.002 | 0.401 | 0 | 0.997 | 1110 | 0.002 | 0.407 | 74.4 | 0.048 | 2432 | -0.005 | 0.022 | 0 | 0.802 |
| Total cholesterol (Z)* | 1838 | -0.005 | 0.050 | 50.7 | 0.131 | 1111 | 0.004 | 0.224 | 0 | 0.488 | 2601 | -0.003 | 0.118 | 0 | 0.968 |
| LDL-cholesterol (Z)* | 1847 | -0.003 | 0.280 | 52.9 | 0.119 | 1111 | 0.006 | 0.070 | 0 | 0.676 | 2600 | -0.001 | 0.594 | 0 | 0.957 |
| HDL cholesterol (Z)* | 1849 | -0.005 | 0.059 | 0 | 0.513 | 1111 | 0.002 | 0.632 | 0 | 0.631 | 2584 | 0.000 | 0.867 | 0 | 0.809 |
| Triglycerides (Z)* | 1838 | -0.001 | 0.666 | 0 | 0.668 | 1111 | -0.002 | 0.440 | 37.8 | 0.205 | 2601 | -0.006 | 0.002 | 0 | 0.673 |
Association analysis was performed using linear regression with standardized log10 transformed traits as the dependent variable for each cohort independently and finally the summary results were meta-analyzed. Age and sex were included as covariates in the regression model for all traits; BMI was additionally included as a covariate for analysis of traits marked with an asterisk (*). Allocation group was additionally adjusted for in MMNP. Meta-analysis for children included those from Pune Maternal Nutrition Study at 6 yrs, Parthenon Study at 5 yrs, and Mumbai Maternal Nutrition Project at 7 yrs of age; for adolescents from Pune Maternal Nutrition Study at 12 yrs and Parthenon Study at 13.5 yrs; and for adults from parents from Pune Maternal Nutrition Study and Parthenon Study, mothers from Mumbai Maternal Nutrition Project, and individuals from Mysore Birth Records Cohort; P, P value; I2, heterogeneity; Het-P, P value for heterozygosity; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, LDL, low density lipoprotein; HDL, high density lipoprotein, NA, not available. Those passing the Bonferroni corrected P≤0.001 were considered as statistically significant.