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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng. 2022 Mar 31;394:114887. doi: 10.1016/j.cma.2022.114887

Fig. 16. 3D–0D model of the heart.

Fig. 16

Snapshots of first principal stress values after loading, see Fig. 15 marker “A”. Compared are P1–P0-AS elements (first column), P1–P0-WAS elements (second column) stabilized P1–P1 elements (third column), and MINI elements (fourth column). Shown is element-wise passive stress which is not smoothed at the (a) loaded state using fitted parameters given in Table 3; (b) loaded state using default parameters given in Table 3 and a bulk modulus of κ = 650 kPa for all element types; (c) loaded state using default parameters given in Table 3 and a bulk modulus of κ= 5000 kPa for P1–P0 elements and 1/κ = 0 for projection-stabilized and MINI elements.