Fig. 2. Autonomous human-made machine examples using mainly physical intelligence.

(a) Theo Jansen’s human-size kinetic art machines called strandbeest [12] (Animaris Currens Ventosa 1993, photo: Adriaan Kok) using self-powering/actuation using wind energy harvesting-based motion generation, mechanical sensing and self-regulation for avoiding the sea water, and walking multi-legged mechanisms and feet optimized for a robust and efficient walking on sandy beaches. (b) Self-regulating mechanical control system example from the history: centrifugal governors were used as self-regulating mechanical control systems in James Watt’s steam engines from 1788 (Adapted from [13]. Copyright, George Routledge and Sons). Similar self-regulating mechanical control systems have been implemented these days in some vehicle transmissions and record players. (c) A soft pneumatic logic circuit and memory, outputting a binary value of pressure depending on the most recent non-zero input signal of pressure (Aapted from [14]. Copyright 2019, National Academy of Sciences).