Fig. 3.

Simulated total ecosystem carbon (C_total) and its post-disturbance recovery. The disturbed forest development is simulated under three different climate conditions, as well as with and without the fertilizing effect of CO₂. The reference undisturbed development was generated under reference climate corresponding to the period 1961-1990. Simulations under climate change are driven by seven climate models for each RCP scenario; solid lines indicate the average projection and shaded envelopes indicate the minimum–maximum range of the simulations. Grey rectangles indicate the inter-model range of payback time (PB1 with elevated CO₂; PB2 without elevated CO₂) and the C parity (P). Columns at the bottom indicate the annual C amount removed from the landscape by harvests and salvage cutting, and the annual C in dead trees. In case of RCP scenarios, columns show multi-model means under elevated CO₂ level. The blue vertical rectangle indicates the wind-bark beetle disturbance episode investigated here (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.).