TABLE 1.

Baseline characteristics of participants according to smoking status and long‐term cooking fuel use

	Smoking status			Cooking fuel
	Never	Ex‐smoker	Current smoker	Always clean	Solid to clean	Always solid
N	343 198	15 175	149 464	86 782	104 381	182 285
Age (years)	51.5	56.6	52.8	46.0	52.4	54.6
Female (%)	84.6	8.0	5.5	59.5	80.5	77.5
Rural (%)	52.7	50.7	63.2	12.2	18.2	91.1
Married (%)	91.1	91.8	88.7	88.5	89.7	89.1
Middle school and above (%)	51.3	48.2	44.7	62.7	52.6	38.3
Household income >20 000 yuan/year (%)	44.1	42.8	39.9	55.3	47.3	30.2
Occupation (%)
Manual	54.7	53.3	58.5	39.5	39.0	68.4
Nonmanual	14.0	12.9	11.1	17.6	14.9	5.8
Not working	31.3	33.8	30.4	42.9	46.0	25.8
Passive smoker (%)	42.6	44.4	48.0	44.8	48.1	51.3
Current alcohol drinker (%)	9.5	17.1	18.7	10.9	10.9	11.2
Current smoker (%)	—	—	—	17.9	18.9	20.1
Ventilation with all stoves (%)	45.3	43.8	42.6	65.3	60.3	26.8
Heating fuel type (%)
Always clean	8.9	8.5	8.0	18.5	7.1	4.5
Always solid	35.7	36.1	36.8	21.7	24.8	43.2
Not heating	43.0	42.2	42.2	43.3	43.6	45.7
Storing pesticide (months)	4.1	4.1	4.2	2.3	2.7	5.2
Physical activity (MET‐h/d)	21.0	20.9	21.4	18.6	19.7	22.5
Overweight and obesity (%)	45.9	51.2	38.2	47.6	51.4	40.6
HBsAg positive (%)	3.0	2.8	3.1	2.7	2.9	3.1
History of diabetes (%)	5.9	6.3	5.8	6.8	7.2	4.9
History of hepatic cirrhosis (%)	1.3	1.1	1.2	1.1	1.3	0.9

Note: Values are means or percentages of participants adjusted for age, sex and region, where appropriate.

Abbreviations: HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen; MET‐h/d, metabolic equivalent of tasks‐hours per day.