TABLE 3.
Hazard ratios for liver cancer associated with smoking status and long‐term cooking fuel use, stratified by baseline characteristics
| Smoking status | P interact | Cooking fuel type | P interact | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Never | Ex‐smoker | Current smoker | Always clean | Solid to clean | Always solid | |||
| Sex | .803 | <.001 | ||||||
| Male | 1.00 | 1.16 (0.95‐1.40) | 1.30 (1.15‐1.46) | 1.00 | 1.01 (0.83‐1.22) | 1.13 (0.89‐1.45) | ||
| Female | 1.00 | 0.82 (0.36‐1.86) | 1.20 (0.90‐1.60) | 1.00 | 1.34 (1.03‐1.75) | 1.59 (1.14‐2.20) | ||
| Region | .788 | .092 | ||||||
| Rural | 1.00 | 1.29 (0.99‐1.69) | 1.37 (1.18‐1.58) | 1.00 | 1.28 (0.86‐1.90) | 1.60 (1.12‐2.20) | ||
| Urban | 1.00 | 1.07 (0.83‐1.37) | 1.23 (1.05‐1.44) | 1.00 | 1.01 (0.87‐1.19) | 1.08 (0.82‐1.41) | ||
| HBsAg | .042 | .065 | ||||||
| Negative | 1.00 | 1.06 (0.85‐1.33) | 1.26 (1.11‐1.43) | 1.00 | 1.11 (0.92‐1.34) | 1.41 (1.12‐1.78) | ||
| Positive | 1.00 | 1.33 (0.91‐1.93) | 1.35 (1.09‐1.68) | 1.00 | 1.08 (0.81‐1.46) | 0.84 (0.56‐1.27) | ||
| Cirrhosis | .621 | .833 | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.16 (0.95‐1.41) | 1.29 (1.15‐1.45) | 1.00 | 1.10 (0.94‐1.29) | 1.24 (1.01‐1.52) | ||
| Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.56‐1.77) | 1.20 (0.87‐1.66) | 1.00 | 1.17 (0.70‐1.96) | 1.71 (0.88‐3.30) | ||
| Drinker | .031 | .209 | ||||||
| Never | 1.00 | 1.02 (0.70‐1.49) | 1.13 (0.94‐1.37) | 1.00 | 1.31 (1.02‐1.69) | 1.45 (1.08‐1.96) | ||
| Ever | 1.00 | 1.25 (1.01‐1.54) | 1.42 (1.25‐1.62) | 1.00 | 0.97 (0.80‐1.18) | 1.12 (0.86‐1.46) | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | .546 | .117 | ||||||
| 18.5‐24.0 | 1.00 | 1.12 (0.85‐1.48) | 1.37 (1.18‐1.59) | 1.00 | 1.30 (1.03‐1.64) | 1.48 (1.13‐1.94) | ||
| ≥24 | 1.00 | 1.07 (0.83‐1.39) | 1.19 (1.01‐1.40) | 1.00 | 0.97 (0.79‐1.19) | 0.97 (0.71‐1.33) | ||
| Physical activity | .876 | .516 | ||||||
| Low | 1.00 | 1.15 (0.90‐1.47) | 1.35 (1.17‐1.57) | 1.00 | 1.12 (0.92‐1.37) | 1.38 (1.05‐1.81) | ||
| High | 1.00 | 1.11 (0.84‐1.46) | 1.21 (1.03‐1.41) | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.82‐1.32) | 1.11 (0.84‐1.47) | ||
Note: HRs were stratified by sex, baseline age groups, study regions and adjusted for education, household income, occupation, marital status, alcohol consumption, environmental tobacco smoke, months of storing pesticides at home, long‐term heating fuel exposure, stoves with chimney/extractor, physical activity, BMI, having a refrigerator at home, consumption frequency of fresh fruit, preserved vegetables, red meat, fish and grains at baseline, hepatitis B test result, family history of cancer, medical history of hepatic cirrhosis and diabetes, mutually adjusted for long‐term cooking fuel exposure and smoking habits.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen.