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Example of a labelled image at the initial position with the glenoid coordinate system. The glenohumeral head joint centre (GH-1) is defined as the centre of a best-fit circle on the humeral head. The axis GH-1-H-1 Is used to measure the arm abduction angle (θ). H1 is the centre of a circle fitted to the humeral shaft (set as distally as possible). The critical shoulder angle (CSA) points are used as a reference for the translation measurements [23].
