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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Development. 2022 Jun 10;149(11):dev186536. doi: 10.1242/dev.186536

Fig. 3. CTCF-binding sites, CpG islands and tethering factors can modulate enhancer-gene communication in 3D space.

Fig. 3

(A) The presence of a CTCF-binding site (CBS) can determine promoter choice by an enhancer. (B) The presence of a CBS can also favor the formation of smaller contact domains, leading to strong target gene induction. (C) CpG islands (CGIs) can boost the regulatory activity of distal developmental enhancers by conferring a permissive topological configuration that increases the responsiveness of target genes with CGI-associated promoters. (D) Schematic diagram illustrating the topological and regulatory role of tethering factors. Homotypic or heterotypic interactions between tethering elements facilitate physical communication between enhancers and their target gene promoters. This topological configuration might favor specific cis-activation of target genes.