Table 2. ADHD-risk factors, cognitive tasks, childhood resources and depression risk factors means or proportions by ADHD group.
| SDQ cut-points: self-reports# | SDQ cut-points: parent-reports | Latent trajectories: SDQ | Latent trajectories: DAWBA | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low | CL | COP | LO | SO | Low | CL | COP | LO | SO | Low | CAL | COP | LO | Low | CL | CAL | COP | LO | |
| ADHD risk factors | |||||||||||||||||||
| Male sex | 0.46 (0.01) | 0.65 (0.04) | 0.71 (0.04) | 0.50 (0.03) | 0.64 (0.04) | 0.47 (0.01) | 0.62 (0.04) | 0.74 (0.04) | 0.48 (0.04) | 0.65 (0.05) | 0.43 (0.01) | 0.66 (0.02) | 0.79 (0.02) | 0.52 (0.03) | 0.46 (0.01) | 0.68 (0.02) | 0.66 (0.03) | 0.76 (0.05) | 0.59 (0.03) |
| ADHD PRS | -0.08 (0.03) | 0.10 (0.01) | 0.23 (0.01) | -0.08 (0.05) | 0.18 (0.10) | -0.09 (0.02) | 0.03 (0.09) | 0.32 (0.12) | 0.14 (0.09) | 0.16 (0.12) | -0.11 (0.02) | 0.05 (0.04) | 0.24 (0.08) | 0.17 (0.08) | -0.09 (0.02) | 0.14 (0.06) | 0.11 (0.07) | 0.32 (0.12) | 0.21 (0.09) |
| Preterm birth | 0.04 (0.00) | 0.12 (0.05) | 0.06 (0.03) | 0.04 (0.01) | 0.06 (0.03) | 0.04 (0.00) | 0.07 (0.03) | 0.11 (0.04) | 0.04 (0.02) | 0.07 (0.03) | 0.04 (0.00) | 0.05 (0.01) | 0.09 (0.02) | 0.07 (0.02) | 0.04 (0.00) | 0.06 (0.01) | 0.06 (0.01) | 0.08 (0.02) | 0.05 (0.02) |
| Low birth weight | 0.04 (0.00) | 0.06 (0.03) | 0.03 (0.02) | 0.05 (0.01) | 0.07 (0.03) | 0.04 (0.00) | 0.05 (0.03) | 0.05 (0.03) | 0.03 (0.02) | 0.07 (0.03) | 0.04 (0.00) | 0.05 (0.01) | 0.07 (0.01) | 0.04 (0.01) | 0.04 (0.00) | 0.06 (0.01) | 0.06 (0.01) | 0.07 (0.02) | 0.05 (0.02) |
| Cognitive tasks | |||||||||||||||||||
| Child sustained attention | 0.04 (0.03) | -0.13 (0.10) | -0.21 (0.11) | -0.01 (0.05) | -0.12 (0.11) | 0.03 (0.02) | -0.11 (0.09) | -0.23 (0.12) | -0.02 (0.09) | -0.13 (0.15) | 0.16 (0.02) | 0.00 (0.07) | -0.31 (0.12) | -0.92 (0.10) | 0.12 (0.01) | -0.61 (0.14) | 0.03 (0.05) | -0.28 (0.12) | -0.80 (0.22) |
| Child response inhibition | 0.04 (0.03) | -0.15 (0.12) | -0.20 (0.11) | 0.01 (0.07) | -0.04 (0.09) | 0.04 (0.02) | -0.11 (0.10) | -0.25 (0.12) | -0.11 (0.08) | -0.08 (0.11) | 0.15 (0.02) | -0.11 (0.08) | -0.20 (0.11) | -0.70 (0.10) | 0.08 (0.01) | -0.19 (0.07) | -0.60 (0.12) | -0.35 (0.13) | -0.02 (0.07) |
| Adult sustained attention | -0.02 (0.05) | -0.25 (0.16) | -0.39 (0.17) | -0.20 (0.08) | -0.31 (0.13) | -0.04 (0.05) | -0.29 (0.14) | -0.35 (0.20) | -0.29 (0.14) | -0.36 (0.18) | 0.07 (0.04) | 0.07 (0.16) | -0.44 (0.31) | -0.36 (0.28) | 0.07 (0.03) | -0.26 (0.22) | -0.54 (0.29) | 0.36 (0.41) | -0.03 (0.15) |
| Adult response inhibition | -0.07 (0.04) | -0.33 (0.15) | -0.54 (0.16) | -0.17 (0.08) | -0.36 (0.14) | -0.08 (0.04) | -0.31 (0.13) | -0.57 (0.19) | -0.35 (0.13) | -0.44 (0.16) | 0.11 (0.03) | -0.20 (0.14) | -0.72 (0.41) | -0.28 (0.19) | 0.07 (0.03) | -0.20 (0.19) | -0.29 (0.23) | 0.41 (0.48) | -0.38 (0.26) |
| Childhood resources | |||||||||||||||||||
| Verbal ability | 107.97 (0.40) | 101.40 (1.57) | 99.45 (1.58) | 109.09 (0.98) | 103.64 (1.69) | 108.43 (0.37) | 101.69 (1.50) | 99.00 (1.63) | 104.29 (1.72) | 101.31 (1.99) | 109.96 (0.28) | 102.45 (0.74) | 98.47 (1.26) | 105.47 (1.32) | 109.48 (0.23) | 103.33 (1.10) | 101.03 (1.14) | 96.76 (1.87) | 102.28 (1.38) |
| Reading ability | 29.27 (0.23) | 24.48 (0.93) | 23.04 (1.00) | 30.03 (0.51) | 26.86 (0.99) | 29.48 (0.21) | 25.14 (0.86) | 22.22 (1.05) | 28.20 (0.78) | 25.69 (1.22) | 30.32 (0.16) | 24.72 (0.38) | 21.18 (0.68) | 27.09 (0.75) | 29.70 (0.13) | 24.08 (0.60) | 24.07 (0.58) | 20.04 (1.02) | 26.03 (0.76) |
| Family income | 6.78 (0.07) | 6.18 (0.26) | 5.72 (0.25) | 6.84 (0.15) | 6.12 (0.26) | 6.81 (0.06) | 6.38 (0.23) | 5.47 (0.27) | 6.43 (0.26) | 5.95 (0.31) | 7.06 (0.05) | 6.35 (0.11) | 5.96 (0.20) | 6.97 (0.17) | 7.03 (0.04) | 6.47 (0.17) | 6.37 (0.17) | 5.73 (0.27) | 6.33 (0.23) |
| Maternal education | 2.91 (0.03) | 2.67 (0.13) | 2.55 (0.13) | 2.98 (0.07) | 2.76 (0.12) | 2.93 (0.03) | 2.66 (0.11) | 2.56 (0.13) | 2.84 (0.11) | 2.71 (0.14) | 3.19 (0.02) | 2.91 (0.04) | 2.71 (0.08) | 3.73 (0.06) | 3.27 (0.02) | 3.21 (0.07) | 3.02 (0.07) | 2.87 (0.11) | 3.23 (0.10) |
| Depression risk factors | |||||||||||||||||||
| Depression PRS | -0.05 (0.03) | -0.02 (0.11) | 0.14 (0.11) | 0.03 (0.05) | 0.08 (0.10) | -0.03 (0.02) | 0.08 (0.10) | 0.04 (0.12) | 0.04 (0.08) | -0.10 (0.12) | -0.04 (0.02) | -0.02 (0.04) | 0.03 (0.07) | 0.08 (0.07) | -0.04 (0.02) | 0.07 (0.06) | -0.04 (0.06) | 0.05 (0.11) | -0.03 (0.08) |
| Maternal depression | 0.08 (0.01) | 0.09 (0.04) | 0.14 (0.04) | 0.11 (0.02) | 0.13 (0.04) | 0.07 (0.01) | 0.09 (0.03) | 0.14 (0.05) | 0.20 (0.04) | 0.20 (0.05) | 0.06 (0.00) | 0.11 (0.01) | 0.17 (0.02) | 0.13 (0.02) | 0.06 (0.00) | 0.12 (0.02) | 0.11 (0.02) | 0.15 (0.03) | 0.18 (0.03) |
SDQ = Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, DAWBA = Development and Well-Being Assessment. CL=child-limited, CAL=child/adolescent-limited, COP=child-onset persistent, LO=late-onset, SO=subthreshold late-onset. Standard errors in parentheses. Cut-point based analyses using multiple imputation with inverse probability weighting, trajectory definitions using full information maximum likelihood to derive trajectories and listwise deletion for associations with other variables.
Self-reports in adulthood, parent-reports for prior assessments. Adult cognitive tasks not controlling for device type. SDQ trajectory means for adult response inhibition and family income estimated using BCH instead of DU3STEP to avoid class formation changes (Asparouhov & Muthén, 2014). Means presented for PRS, cognitive tasks and childhood resources (family income assessed on a 1-10 scale and maternal education on a 1-5 scale), proportions presented for male sex, preterm birth, low birth weight and maternal depression.