Table 3. Comparing late-onset to child-onset persistent ADHD: associations for ADHD-risk factors, cognitive tasks, childhood resources and depression risk factors.
| SDQ cut-points: self-reports# OR (95% CI) | SDQ cut-points: parent-reports OR (95% CI) | Latent trajectories: SDQ OR (95% CI) | Latent trajectories: DAWBA OR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ADHD risk factors | ||||
| Male sex | 0.41 (0.29-0.58), p<0.001 | 0.31 (0.20-0.47), p<0.001 | 0.22 (0.15-0.33), p<0.001 | 0.45 (0.28-0.73), p=0.001 |
| ADHD PRS | 0.70 (0.58-0.85), p=0.01 | 0.83 (0.66-1.04), p=0.11 | 0.91 (0.73-1.14), p=0.43 | 0.89 (0.67-1.20), p=0.46 |
| Preterm birth | 0.51 (0.23-1.14), p=0.10 | 0.54 (0.21-1.35), p=0.19 | 0.83 (0.43-1.60), p=0.58 | 0.44 (0.16-1.25), p=0.13 |
| Low birth weight | 1.04 (0.43-2.49), p=0.94 | 0.38 (0.11-1.28), p=0.12 | 0.81 (0.44-1.50), p=0.51 | 0.55 (0.20-1.51), p=0.25 |
| Cognitive tasks | ||||
| Child sustained attention | 1.23 (1.04-1.46), p=0.02 | 1.25 (1.02-1.54), p=0.03 | 1.48 (1.06-2.06), p=0.02 | 1.04 (0.82-1.32), p=0.74 |
| Child response inhibition | 1.22 (1.03-1.45), p=0.02 | 1.10 (0.91-1.33), p=0.34 | 1.29 (0.97-1.71), p=0.08 | 1.20 (0.95-1.53), p=0.13 |
| Adult sustained attention | 1.26 (0.99-1.61), p=0.06 | 1.13 (0.84-1.50), p=0.42 | 1.18 (0.49-2.87), p=0.71 | 0.58 (0.22-1.50), p=0.26 |
| Adult response inhibition | 1.34 (1.08-1.69), p=0.01 | 1.22 (0.94-1.59), p=0.14 | 1.48 (0.67-3.27), p=0.30 | 0.40 (0.05-3.37), p=0.40 |
| Childhood resources | ||||
| Verbal ability | 1.03 (1.02-1.04), p<0.001 | 1.02 (1.01-1.04), p=0.001 | 1.03 (1.01-1.04), p<0.001 | 1.02 (1.00-1.04), p=0.01 |
| Reading ability | 1.08 (1.06-1.10), p<0.001 | 1.07 (1.05-1.10), p<0.001 | 1.05 (1.01-1.08), p=0.01 | 0.99 (0.96-1.01), p=0.37 |
| Family income | 1.14 (1.06-1.22), p<0.001 | 1.11 (1.02-1.21), p=0.02 | 1.15 (1.07-1.25), p<0.001 | 1.10 (1.00-1.21), p=0.06 |
| Maternal education | 1.27 (1.11-1.46), p=0.001 | 1.11 (0.94-1.32), p=0.22 | 1.50 (1.31-1.72), p<0.001 | 1.25 (1.04-1.49), p=0.02 |
| Depression risk factors | ||||
| Depression PRS | 0.90 (0.74-1.09), p=0.30 | 0.98 (0.77-1.23), p=0.84 | 1.03 (0.85-1.25), p=0.76 | 0.92 (0.71-1.20), p=0.53 |
| Maternal depression | 0.91 (0.47-1.79), p=0.79 | 1.65 (0.79-3.44), p=0.18 | 0.58 (0.34-1.00), p=0.05 | 1.26 (0.67-2.36), p=0.47 |
SDQ = Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, DAWBA = Development and Well-Being Assessment. 95% confidence intervals in parentheses. Multinomial odds ratios with child-onset persistent ADHD as the reference, based on ADHD groups as the outcome regardless of temporal precedence. Cut-point based analyses using multiple imputation with inverse probability weighting, trajectory definitions using full information maximum likelihood to derive trajectories and listwise deletion for associations with other variables.
#
Self-reports in adulthood, parent-reports for prior assessments.