Table 2. Household characteristics, food production and access of Sauria Paharia community in Jharkhand, India (n = 246).
| Household characteristics | n (%) |
|---|---|
| House type | |
| Kaccha (mud/thatched roofs and walls) | 190 (77.2) |
| Semi-Pakka (semi-cemented roofs and walls) | 51 (20.7) |
| Pakka (cemented roofs and walls) | 5 (2.1) |
| Source of cooking fuel | |
| Firewood/chips/grass/stems/straw/shrub | 230 (93.5) |
| Kerosene | 10 (4.3) |
| Others | 6 (2.2) |
| Source of drinking water | |
| Tube well/Hand pump | 177 (71.9) |
| Well | 57 (23.2) |
| River/dam/spring/waterfall | 10 (4.1) |
| Piped water/tank | 2 (0.8) |
| Source of light | |
| Kerosene oil | 152 (61.8) |
| Solar panels | 51 (20.7) |
| Electricity | 34 (13.8) |
| Biogas/Gobar gas | 2 (0.9) |
| Others (other oils/candles) | 3 (1.2) |
| None | 4 (1.6) |
| Access to farm inputs (transport, farm, and irrigation equipment)* | |
| Bike/scooter | 23 (9.3) |
| Bicycle | 141 (57.3) |
| Bullock cart | 2 (0.9) |
| Farm equipments (non-mechanized) | 102 (41.5) |
| Farm equipments (mechanized) | 2 (0.8) |
| Irrigation motor pump | 6 (2.4) |
| PDS Ration card | |
| Yellow (AAY) | 153 (62.2) |
| Red (BPL) 40 | (16.3) |
| Don’t have | 53 (21.5) |
| PDS Utilization | |
| Full entitled ration 29 | (15.02) |
| Partial ration^ | 164 (84.9) |
| Access to Anganwadi services by children | |
| Everyday | 90 (36.7) |
| 3 or more than 3 times a week | 42 (17.1) |
| < 3 times a week | 52 (21.2) |
| Never 61 | (24.7) |
| Access to Mid-day meal services | |
| Everyday | 115 (46.9) |
| 3 or more than 3 times a week | 45 (18.4) |
| < 3 times a week | 46 (18.8) |
| Never | 13 (5.3) |
| Not Applicable | 26 (10.6) |
| Literacy level of HOH | |
| No formal education | 122 (49.7) |
| Less than primary (till 4th standard) | 22 (8.9) |
| Primary but less than secondary (till 9th standard) | 80 (32.5) |
| Secondary (10th standard) & above | 22 (8.9) |
| Occupation of HOH | |
| Settled Agriculture/ Shifting cultivation | 192 (78.1) |
| Daily wager (agriculture & non-agriculture) | 37 (15.1) |
| Hunter/Gatherer | 5 (2) |
| Craftsmen/artisans/ Service (Government and Private)/Self-employed | 9 (3.6) |
| Unemployed | 11 (1.2) |
| Number of main meals consumed | |
| 1 meal | 26 (10.6) |
| 2 meals | 153 (62.2) |
| 3 meals | 66 (26.8) |
| >3 meals | 1 (0.4) |
| Consumption of outside meals | |
| Yes | 136 (55.3) |
| No | 110 (44.7) |
| Number of times family eats outside meals | |
| Everyday | 12 (4.9) |
| More than 3 times a week | 17 (6.9) |
| 2–3 times a week | 26 (10.6) |
| Once a week | 14 (5.7) |
| Once in a fortnight | 4 (1.6) |
| Once in a month | 20 (8.1) |
| Sometimes | 43 (17.5) |
| Type of outside meals consumed* | |
| Freshly prepared meals | 126 (92.6) |
| Ready-to-eat meals | 114 (83.8) |
| Convenience packaged foods | 127 (92.6) |
| Non-perishable sweets | 122 (89.7) |
| Perishable sweets | 123 (90.4) |
| FADI Score (Mean ± SD) | 0.21±0.15 |
*
Multiple responses captured; percentages do not total 100%.
^
Either limited food commodities or all food commodities but in inadequate amounts. PDS, Public Distribution System; HH, Households; HOH, Head of the household; FADI, Food Accessed Diversity Index