Table 3.
Association between gestational 2-hour glucose and breastfeeding with cardiometabolic risk markers at age 6 years, with low breastfeeding as the reference group. Models were adjusted for maternal age, maternal education, ethnicity, tobacco exposure, pre-pregnancy BMI, child birth size, and child sex. Abbreviations: 2hrPG = 2-hour plasma glucose after a 75g oral glucose tolerance test; z-BMI = body mass index z-score; SDS = standard deviation score; SAT = subcutaneous adipose tissue; VAT = visceral adipose tissue; IMCL = intramyocellular lipid; SBP = systolic blood pressure; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; HDL = high-density lipoproteins; LDL = low-density lipoproteins; HOMA-IR = homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance
| N | Main effect: 2hrPG b (95% CI) | Main effect: Breastfeeding b (95% CI) | Interaction: 2hrPG x Breastfeeding b (95% CI) | p-interaction | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adiposity | |||||
| z-BMI (SDS) | 573 | -0.01 (-0.12, 0.09) | 0.13 (-0.83, 1.09) | -0.01 (-0.15, 0.14) | 0.937 |
| Body fat % | 258 | 0.24 (-0.49, 0.97) | -0.75 (-7.69, 6.19) | 0.14 (-0.93, 1.22) | 0.796 |
| SAT (cc) | 281 | 7.95 (-36.15, 52.05) | -26.65 (-424.36, 371.06) | 2.79 (-58.17, 63.75) | 0.928 |
| VAT (cc) | 284 | 2.88 (-4.55, 10.30) | -18.00 (-86.08, 50.08) | 1.95 (-8.46, 12.36) | 0.713 |
| IMCL (% of water signal) | 267 | 0.01 (-0.02, 0.04) | 0.08 (-0.22, 0.37) | -0.02 (-0.06, 0.03) | 0.457 |
| Liver fat (% by weight) | 271 | 0.02 (-0.04, 0.07) | -0.04 (-0.54, 0.45) | -0.01 (-0.09, 0.06) | 0.749 |
| Cardiovascular Markers | |||||
| SBP (mmHg) | 477 | -0.64 (-1.42, 0.14) | -5.12 (-12.01, 1.78) | 0.86 (-0.19, 1.90) | 0.110 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 477 | -0.19 (-0.73, 0.36) | 0.51 (-4.30, 5.33) | -0.10 (-0.83, 0.64) | 0.799 |
| Metabolic Markers | |||||
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 267 | 0.01 (-0.02, 0.04) | -0.02 (-0.32, 0.27) | -0.01 (-0.05, 0.04) | 0.824 |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 267 | 0.01 (-0.02, 0.05) | 0.14 (-0.15, 0.43) | -0.02 (-0.07, 0.02) | 0.301 |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 267 | -0.04 (-0.12, 0.05) | -0.25 (-0.96, 0.47) | 0.04 (-0.07, 0.14) | 0.510 |
| HOMA-IR (units) | 266 | 0.03 (-0.03, 0.10) | 0.55 (-0.01, 1.11) | -0.07 (-0.15, 0.02) | 0.128 |