Figure 4.

SDS-PAGE analysis of six proteins used in this study compared with nanopore measurements. (a) PAGE analysis, from right to left: alpha-lactalbumin, carbonic anhydrase, ovalbumin, BSA, phosphorylase B, and spike protein were denatured and separated on a 4–20% Tris-glycine SDS-PAGE. The gel was fixed, stained with Flamingo fluorescent dye overnight, and imaged by the Pharos scanner (Bio-Rad). L denotes lanes with protein ladders (see Methods). (b) Dependence of the SDS-PAGE migration distance of the six proteins on their molecular weights. The solid line is an exponential fit. (c) Dependence of SDS-denatured protein translocation dwell-time on the PAGE migration distance. The solid line is a linear fit.