Table 4. Summary of resultsa for labour market and wider outcomes by main study design.
| Study characteristics | Non-experimental design | Quasi-experimental design | Experimental design | Tot (n) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Increaseb | No effectb,c | Decreaseb | Increaseb | No effectb,c | Decreaseb | Increaseb | No effectb,c | Decreaseb | ||||||||||||||||||||
| n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |||||||||||
| All | 74 | 29.0 | 75 | 30.0 | 37 | 14.5 | 15 | 5.9 | 18 | 7.1 | 9 | 3.6 | 13 | 5.1 | 8 | 3.2 | 4 | 1.6 | 253 | |||||||||
| Panel (a): Labour market outcomes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Employment | 14 | 31.8 | 11 | 25.0 | 5 | 11.3 | 3 | 6.8 | 2 | 4.6 | 2 | 4.6 | 7 | 15.9 | – | – | – | – | 44 | |||||||||
| Job stability | 3 | 21.4 | 1 | 7.2 | 4 | 28.5 | 3 | 21.4 | 2 | 14.3 | 1 | 7.2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 14 | |||||||||
| Job quality | 1 | 9.1 | 3 | 27.3 | 5 | 45.4 | – | – | 1 | 9.1 | 1 | 9.1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 11 | |||||||||
| Non-employment/ inactivity | 20 | 55.6 | 7 | 19.4 | – | – | 5 | 13.9 | 3 | 8.3 | – | – | 1 | 2.8 | – | – | – | – | 36 | |||||||||
| Long-term non-em-ployment/inequality | – | – | 1 | 33.3 | – | – | 1 | 33.3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 33.3 | – | – | 3 | |||||||||
| Benefit receipt | 1 | 4.8 | 4 | 19.0 | 5 | 23.9 | 2 | 9.5 | – | – | 2 | 9.5 | – | – | 3 | 14.3 | 4 | 19.0 | 21 | |||||||||
| Long-term benefit receipt | 1 | 16.7 | 3 | 50.0 | 2 | 33.3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 6 | |||||||||
| Earnings/income | 1 | 3.6 | 7 | 25.0 | 9 | 32.2 | – | – | 2 | 7.1 | 3 | 10.7 | 4 | 14.3 | 2 | 7.1 | – | – | 28 | |||||||||
| Total | 41 | 25.1 | 37 | 22.7 | 30 | 18.4 | 14 | 8.6 | 10 | 6.1 | 9 | 5.5 | 12 | 7.4 | 6 | 3.7 | 4 | 2.5 | 163 | |||||||||
| Panel (b): Wider outcomes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Material hardship | 17 | 48.6 | 16 | 45.7 | 2 | 5.7 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 35 | |||||||||
| Health problems | 6 | 50.0 | 5 | 41.7 | 1 | 8.3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 12 | |||||||||
| Health insurance | – | – | 4 | 66.7 | 2 | 33.3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 6 | |||||||||
| Child well-being | 1 | 12.5 | 2 | 25.0 | 1 | 12.5 | – | – | 4 | 50.0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 8 | |||||||||
| Child maltreatment | 4 | 36.4 | 4 | 36.4 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 9.1 | 2 | 18.1 | – | – | 11 | |||||||||
| Child education | – | – | 1 | 50.0 | 1 | 50.0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2 | |||||||||
| Demographic outcomes | 1 | 10.0 | 6 | 60.0 | – | – | – | – | 3 | 30.0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 10 | |||||||||
| Vulnerable status | 1 | 100 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | |||||||||
| Crime | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 50 | 1 | 50.0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2 | |||||||||
| Compliance | 1 | 100 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | |||||||||
| Other | 2 | 100 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2 | |||||||||
| Total | 33 | 36.7 | 38 | 42.2 | 7 | 7.8 | 1 | 1.1 | 8 | 8.9 | – | – | 1 | 1.1 | 2 | 2.2 | – | – | 90 | |||||||||
a
Information is reported at the lowest level of aggregation, for outcome measures (n=253);
b
The significance level for the reported results is p<0.05; to aid interpretation of the direction of results, we report row percentages referring to total observations for each outcome. When significant, the sign of the estimated parameter for some outcome measures are inverted for ease of interpretation. For example, for measures concerning job stability, if the study reports a significant increase in the risk of entry into short-term jobs, then this is reported as a significant decrease;
c
The category ‘no change’ includes results from descriptive studies for which the level of significance was not reported (not applicable).