Table 1. Study characteristics.

Intervention name Study (first author; year of publication; country)	Study design, study arms, aims/objectives	Families/participants (Recruitment target; target and actual sample size; mean years of age ± SD at baseline; %female)	Recruitment (duration; settings; strategies used)	Reach, expressions of interest and enrolment
No intervention name Alhassan; 2018; USA	Pilot RCT (3 groups, pre- and 2 post-measures) Study arms: child-mother, child alone, or control Aims/objective: to examine the feasibility and efficacy of a mother-daughter intervention on African-American girls’ physical activity	Recruitment target: African-American mother-daughter dyads Target sample size: 60 dyads (20 dyads/group). Actual sample size: 76 dyads (n = 28 child-mother, n = 25 child alone, or n = 23 control) Family characteristics: children: 8.3 ± 1.3 years (100%); adults: 37.4 ± 7.7 years (100%)	Duration: not reported Setting: not reported Strategies: not reported	Reach: not reported Total number of expressions of interest: 125 dyads Initiated expression of interest: not reported Expressions of interest rate: not reported Enrolment rate: not reported
SHARE-AP ACTION Anand; 2007; Canada	RCT (2 groups, pre- and 2 post-measures) Study arms: experimental or usual care control Aims/objective: to determine if a household-based lifestyle intervention was effective at reducing energy intake and increasing energy expenditure	Recruitment target: families on a Six Nations Reserve (minimum parent-child dyad required) Target sample size: not reported Actual sample size: 57 families (n = 29 intervention; n = 28 control) Family characteristics: children: experimental – 10.9 ± 2.9 years (62.5%), control – 9.9 ± 3.2 years (60.5%); adults: experimental – 41.3 ± 9.0 years (not reported), control – 37.2 ± 8.8 years (not reported) 57 families (participants: n = 88 intervention; n = 86 control); average 3 participants/family	Duration: 48 weeks Setting: not reported Strategies: not reported	Reach: not reported Total number of expressions of interest: not reported Initiated expression of interest: not reported Expressions of interest rate: not reported Enrolment rate: not reported
No intervention name Arredondo; 2014; USA	Pilot trial (1 group, pre- and post-measures) Study arms: experimental arm only Aims/objective: to examine the acceptability, feasibility, and preliminary efficacy of an intervention on physical activity and correlates of physical activity of Latina preadolescents and their mothers	Recruitment target: Latina mother-daughter dyads Target sample size: 11 dyads Actual sample size: 11 dyads Family characteristics: children: 9.6 ± 1.1 years (100%); adults: 36.7 ± 6.2 years (100%)	Duration: 8 weeks Setting: church (n = 1 approached, n = 1 agreed) Strategies: Announcements in Spanish from the pulpit; flyers distributed by study staff and church leaders.	Reach = ~ 864 parishioners (the church had 1800 enrolled parishioners and 48% were Latino). Total number of expressions of interest: not reported Initiated expression of interest: not reported Expressions of interest rate: not reported Enrolment rate: not reported
No intervention name Baranowski, Henske; 1990; USA Baranowski, Simons-Morton; 1990; USA	Randomised controlled feasibility study (2 groups, pre- and post-measures) Study arms: experimental or no treatment control Aims/objective: to reduce sodium, saturated fat and total fat, and increase aerobic activity	Recruitment target: families who self-identified as Black-American (minimum parent-child dyad required) Target sample size: not reported Actual sample size: 96 families (n = 50 intervention; n = 46 control) Family characteristics: children: experimental – 10.6 years (51.6%), control – 10.0 years (66.1%); adults: experimental – 31.8 years (79.4%), control – 32.9 years (88.2%) 96 families (participants: n = 63 adults and 64 children intervention; n = 51 adults and 56 children intervention)	Duration: not reported Setting: schools only (n = not reported) Strategies: mail, phone calls and home visits (up to 5 visits) of all Black-American students identified in listings in the public or private school systems .	Reach = 728 Black-American families identified Total number of expressions of interest: N/A. This was not a sample of self-presenting volunteers. Initiated expression of interest: N/A Expressions of interest rate: N/A Enrolment rate: not reported
Mothers and Daughters Exercising for Life (MADE4LIFE) Barnes; 2015; Australia	Pilot RCT (2 groups, pre- and 2 post-measures) Study arms: experimental or 6-month wait-list control Aims/objective: to evaluate the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a mother-daughter program to improve in physical activity	Recruitment target: mother-daughter dyads Target sample size: 40 dyads Actual sample size: 40 dyads (n = 40 mothers, n = 48 daughters) Family characteristics: children: 8.5 ± 1.7 years (100%); adults: 39.1 ± 4.8 years (100%)	Duration: ~ 3 weeks Setting: schools (n = not reported) Strategies: media releases, school newsletter advertisements, school presentations to students and parents, local newspapers, and local television news	Reach: not reported Total number of expressions of interest: 122 families Initiated expression of interest: not reported Expressions of interest rate: ~40-41 families/week Enrolment rate: ~13 families/week
Family Affair Barr-Anderson; 2014; USA	Pilot trial (1 group, pre- and post-measures) Study arms: experimental arm only Aims/objective: to test the feasibility and acceptability of an intervention designed to impact obesity-related behaviours (physical activity, healthy eating, and sedentary behaviour) among African-American adolescent girls and their mothers	Recruitment target: African-American mother-daughter dyads Target sample size: not reported Actual sample size: 18 dyads Family characteristics: children: 12.4 ± 1.3 years (100%); adults: 36.9 ± 5.7 years (100%)	Duration: not reported Setting: not reported Strategies: radio advertisements, flyers and recruitment letters sent to or posted at youth and family-serving organisations, health-related businesses, churches, social and professional organisations; email distribution lists; Facebook posts; word-of-mouth	Reach: not reported Total number of expressions of interest: not reported Initiated expression of interest: not reported Expressions of interest rate: not reported Enrolment rate: not reported
Healthy Kids & Families study Borg; 2019; USA	Quasi-experimental protocol (2 groups, pre- and 4 post-measures) Study arms: experimental or attention-control Aims/objective: to test the effectiveness of an intervention to promote a healthier lifestyle and to prevent childhood obesity among low-income and minority families.	Recruitment target: parent-child dyads Target sample size: 240 dyads Actual sample size: 247 dyads (n = 121 intervention, n = 126 attention-control) Family characteristics: children: 7.8 ± 2.1 years (49%); adults: 36.2 ± 7.4 years (92%)	Duration: not reported Setting: schools only (n = 9 schools) Strategies: letter from the school principal placed in child’s backpack by school staff; automated telephone messages from principals; research staff presented study at school events (e.g., parent nights, family events, Parent Teacher Organization meetings); interactions with parents at school drop-off/pick-up and after-school programs	Reach = not reported Total number of expressions of interest: 605 parents Initiated expression of interest: not reported Expressions of interest rate: not reported Enrolment rate: not reported
Back-to-Basics (B2B) Healthy Lifestyle program Burrows; 2013; Australia	Pilot trial (1 group, pre- and post-measure) Study arm: experimental arm only Aims/objective: to assess the feasibility and acceptability of an after-school obesity prevention strategy for families	Recruitment target: parent-child dyads Target sample size: 10 dyads Actual sample size: 10 dyads Family characteristics: children: 7.3 ± 3.8 years (80%); adults: 31.0 ± 7.2 years (100%)	Duration: 2 weeks Setting: schools only (n = 1) Strategies: study flyers; word-of-mouth by school staff	Reach: not reported Total number of expressions of interest: not reported Initiated expression of interest: not reported Expressions of interest rate: not reported Enrolment rate: 5 dyads/week
No intervention name De Bourdeaudhuij; 2002; Belgium	Quasi-experimental (3 groups, pre- and post-measure) Study arms: family arm, individual arm (adolescents), or individual arm (parents) Aims/objective: to explore the differences between a family- and an individual-based tailored nutrition education programme on fat reduction	Recruitment target: parent-child dyads Target sample size: not reported Actual sample size: family condition: n = 55 dyads (n = 110 participants); individual condition (adolescents): n = 71 adolescents; individual condition (parents): n = 47 parents. Family characteristics: children: range = 15-18 years (not reported); adults: not reported	Duration: not reported Setting: schools only (n = 52 classes from 2 secondary schools) Strategies: not reported	Reach: not reported Total number of expressions of interest: not reported Initiated expression of interest: not reported Expressions of interest rate: not reported Enrolment rate: not reported
MOVE/me Muevo Project Elder; 2014; USA	RCT (2 groups, pre- and 2 post- measures) Study arms: experimental or control Hypotheses: (1) children in the experimental arm would have lower body mass index z-scores vs. control children after 2 years; (2) children in the experimental am spend more time in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and less time sedentary, eat fewer high-fat foods and sugary beverages, and more fruits, vegetables and water vs. control children	Recruitment target: families Target sample size: not reported Actual sample size: 541 families Family characteristics: children: 6.6 ± 0.7 years (55%); adults: not reported	Duration: not reported Setting: schools, libraries, street fairs, recreation centres (n = not reported) Strategies: targeted phone calls using telephone numbers obtained from a research marketing company (n = 8,600); families contacted via school- and community-based recruitment efforts (n = 1,000)	Reach = 9,607 families Total number of expressions of interest: not reported Initiated expression of interest: not reported Expressions of interest rate: not reported Enrolment rate: not reported
No intervention name Epstein; 2001; USA	Randomised trial (2 groups, pre- and post-measures) Study arms: increase fruit and vegetable (FV) intake treatment condition or decrease high-fat/high-sugar intake (FS) treatment condition Aims/objective: to evaluate the effect of a parent-focused intervention on parent and child eating changes and on percentage of overweight changes in families	Recruitment target: families (minimum parent-child dyad required) Target sample size: not reported Actual sample size: 30 families (FV: n = 13 parents and 13 children; FS: n = 12 parents and 13 children) Family characteristics: children: FV – 8.8 ± 1.8 years (54%), FS – 8.6 ± 1.9 years (77%); adults: FV – 39.1 ± 4.1 years (92%), FS – 42.2 ± 4.8 years (92%)	Duration: not reported Setting: physician practices (n = not reported) Strategies: physician referrals, posters, newspapers, and television advertisements	Reach: not reported Total number of expressions of interest: not reported Initiated expression of interest: not reported Expressions of interest rate: not reported Enrolment rate: not reported
No intervention name Fitzgibbon; 1995; USA	Pilot trial (2 groups, pre- and post-measures) Study arms: experimental or control Aims/objective: to examine the effects of an obesity prevention program on eating-related knowledge and behaviour of low income, Black-American girls and their mothers	Recruitment target: Black-American mother-daughter dyads Target sample size: not reported Actual sample size: 20 dyads (10 dyads/group) Family characteristics: children: experimental – 11.0 ± 1.0 years (100%), control – 11.0 ± 1.0 years (100%); adults: experimental – 31.0 ± 10.0 years (100%), control – 33.0 ± 5.0 years (100%)	Duration: not reported Setting: tutoring program (n = 1) Strategies: advertisements in tutoring newsletter	Reach: not reported Total number of expressions of interest: not reported Initiated expression of interest: not reported Expressions of interest rate: not reported Enrolment rate: not reported
Children First Study Fornari; 2012; Brazil	RCT (2 groups, pre- and post-measures) Study arms: experimental or control Aims/objective: to evaluate whether an educational program for children could improve cardiovascular risk in parents	Recruitment target: children and their parents Target sample size: 150 parents/group Actual sample size: 197 children and 323 parents (intervention = 105 children, 162 parents; control = 92 children, 161 parents) Family characteristics: children: experimental – = 8.2 ± 1.5 years (50%), control – 9.0 ± 1.5 years (51%); adults: experimental – 38.3 ± 6.0 years (55%), control – 39.3 ± 6.7 years (53%)	Duration: not reported Setting: schools only (n = 1) Strategies: not reported	Reach: not reported Total number of expressions of interest: not reported Initiated expression of interest: not reported Expressions of interest rate: not reported Enrolment rate: not reported
Active Families in the Great Outdoors Flynn; 2017; USA	Feasibility trial (1 group, pre- and post-measures) Study arms: experimental arm only Aims/objective: to determine whether changes could be observed in: duration, frequency and type of outdoor physical activities performed by families; parent social cognitive outcomes and physical activity support behaviours	Recruitment target: families (minimum parent-child dyad required) Target sample size: not reported Actual sample size: 16 families (N = 52 participants; n = 25 parents, n = 27 children) Family characteristics children: 10.7 ± 3.3 years (52%); adults: 41.5 ± 7.9 years (60%)	Duration: not reported Setting: not reported Strategies: flyers, email, word-of-mouth	Reach: not reported Total number of expressions of interest: 38 families Initiated expression of interest: not reported Expressions of interest rate: not reported Enrolment rate: not reported
Take Action French; 2011; USA	CRCT (2 groups, pre- and post-measures) Study arms: experimental or control Hypothesis: the experimental group would gain less weight and increase healthful behaviours related to energy balance over 1 year compared to the control group	Recruitment target: families Target sample size: not reported Actual sample size: 90 households (n = 45 households/group) Family characteristics: children = not reported; adults = 41.0 years (93%) ~4 members/family (~2 adults and ~2 children/family)	Duration: 32 weeks Setting: libraries, worksites, schools, daycare centres, health clinics, religious institutions, park and recreation centres, grocery stores, and food co-ops (n = not reported) Strategies: not reported	Reach: not reported Total number of expressions of interest: 723 households Initiated expression of interest: not reported Expressions of interest rate: 22-23 households/week Enrolment rate: 2-3 households/week
Families Reporting Every Step to Health (FRESH) Guagliano; 2019; UK	Feasibility trial (2 groups, pre- and post-measures) Study arms: ‘child-only’ or ‘family’ Aims/objectives: to describe intervention and recruitment strategy; assess the feasibility and acceptability of the FRESH recruitment strategy, intervention and outcome evaluation; explore options for optimisation	Recruitment target: families (minimum parent-child dyad required) Target sample size: 20 families Actual sample size: 12 families (n = 14 children, 18 adults) Family characteristics: children: 8.3 ± 1.7 years (50%); adults: 39.8 ± 8.2 years (61%) Whole families = 4, parent-child dyads = 6, families with an additional adult or child = 2; 2-3 members/ family (range = 2-4).	Duration: 8 weeks Setting: schools only. N = 11 schools approached, n = 5 agreed, n = 3 declined, n = 3 no response. Recruitment from community-based organisations planned, but not implemented. Strategies: assembly delivered to students; study leaflets given to students to bring home and emailed to parents from schools; reminder email sent from schools to parents 2 weeks after assembly.	Reach = ~437 students Total number of expressions of interest:28 families Initiated expression of interest: 23 mothers, 5 fathers Expressions of interest rate: 3-4 families/week, 5-6 families/school assembly Enrolment rate: 1-2 families/week
Scouting Nutrition & Activity Program+ (SNAP+) Guagliano; 2012; USA	Quasi-experimental (1 groups, pre- and post-measures) Study arms: experimental arm only Aims/objectives: to evaluate a physical activity promotion intervention with a channel of communication to parents	Recruitment target: Girl Scout troops and their parents Target sample size: not reported Actual sample size: 3 troops (n = 32 children, n. = 26 adults) Family characteristics: children: 9.5 ± 1.4 years (100%); adults: 37.1 ± 5.4 years (92%)	Duration: not reported Setting: Girl Scouts troops (n = 3 troops invited and agreed) Strategies: not reported	Reach: not reported Total number of expressions of interest: not reported Initiated expression of interest: not reported Expressions of interest rate: not reported Enrolment rate: not reported
Active 1 + FUN Ha; 2019; Hong Kong	RCT protocol (2 groups, pre- and 2 post-measures) Study arms: experimental or control Aims/objective: to evaluate the effectiveness of a family-based intervention on parents and their childrens’ physical activity	Recruitment target: Students and their parents (minimum parent-child dyad required) Target sample size: 204 children Actual sample size: 187 children Family characteristics: children: 9.8 ± 1.2 years (41%); adults: unknown (78%)	Duration: ~4-6 weeks Setting: Schools only (n = 100 invited; 9 responded and agreed; n = 1 dropout) Strategies: written information was circulated to parents; face-to-face parent-researcher sessions	Reach: unknown Total number of expressions of interest: ~229 Initiated expression of interest: unknown (not collected). Expressions of interest rate: unknown (researchers only received a confirmed list from schools) Enrolment rate: unknown (researchers only received a confirmed list from schools)
Abriendo Caminos Hammons; 2013; USA	Pilot trial (1 group, pre- and post-measures) Study arms: experimental arm only Aims/objective: to test the effectiveness of a family-based healthy eating program aimed to reduce obesogenic behaviours among Latino parents and children.	Recruitment target: Latino families, only 1 target child (5-13 years) and 1 parent measured Target sample size: not reported Actual sample size: 73 families Family characteristics: children: 8.5 years (49%); adults: 34.4 years (100%) ~4 family members/family (range = 2-9)	Duration: 104 weeks Setting: trailer park (n = 1) and elementary school (n = 1) with known Latino population. Strategies: flyers, announcements, and word-of-mouth. Project coordinators were Latino and fluent Spanish speakers.	Reach: unknown Total number of expressions of interest: unknown Initiated expression of interest: unknown Expressions of interest rate: unknown Enrolment rate: < 1 family/week
Fit ‘n’ Fun Dudes Program Hardman; 2009; UK	CRCT (2 groups, pre- and 2 post-measures) Study arms: experimental or control Aims/objective: to increase daily step counts of girls with the support of their parents to maintain increases over time	Recruitment target: parent-daughter dyads Target sample size: not reported Actual sample size: n = 32 children (intervention: n = 14 children; control = 18 children) Family characteristics: children: 10.6 ± 0.7 years (100%); adults: 41.0 ± 4.7 years (83%).	Duration: not reported Setting: not reported Strategies: not reported	Reach: not reported Total number of expressions of interest: not reported Initiated expression of interest: not reported Expressions of interest rate: not reported Enrolment rate: not reported
No intervention name Hopper; 1992; USA	CRCT (2 groups, pre- and 2 post-measures) Study arms: school-and-home treatment condition, school-only treatment condition, and standard treatment control condition Aims/objective: to compare the effect of including versus not including a family participation component in a school-based program to develop children’s heart-healthy exercise and nutrition habits	Recruitment target: parents and children or children only Target sample size: not reported Actual sample size: school-and-home condition: n = 45 children and 42 parents; school-only condition: n = 43 children; control condition: n = 44 children Family characteristics: children: 11.6 ± 0.7 years (not reported); adults: 37.8 ± 6.8 years (74%)	Duration: not reported Setting: not reported Strategies: not reported	Reach: not reported Total number of expressions of interest: not reported Initiated expression of interest: not reported Expressions of interest rate: not reported Enrolment rate: not reported
Teamplay Jago; 2013; UK	Randomised controlled feasibility trial (2 groups, pre- and 2 post-measures) Study arms: experimental or no treatment control Aims/objectives: six specific aims related to: feasibility of recruitment, retention, and data collection; Intervention development and optimisation; estimating effect sizes of outcomes of interest (e.g., physical activity, screen-viewing) and sample size for definitive trial	Recruitment target: parents of children 6-8 years old Target sample size: between 80-340 participants Actual sample size: 48 participants (intervention: n = 25, control: n = 23) Family characteristics: children: experimental – 6-8 years (62%), control – 6-8 years (69%); adults: experimental – age not reported (100%), control – age not reported (96%)	Duration: not reported Setting: schools, coffee shops, children’s centres, play groups, school playgrounds (n = not reported) Strategies: leaflets, advertisements, face-to- face recruitment	Reach: not reported Total number of expressions of interest: not reported Initiated expression of interest: not reported Expressions of interest rate: not reported Enrolment rate: not reported
Motivating Families with Interactive Technology (mFIT) Jake-Schoffman; 2018; USA	Pilot trial (2 groups, pre- and post-measures) Study arms: tech or tech+ Aims/objective: to test the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effectiveness of 2 family-based programs targeting improvements in parent–child dyad’s physical activity and healthy eating and delivered remotely	Recruitment target: parent-child dyads Target sample size: not reported Actual sample size: 33 dyads (n = 17 tech+; n = 16 tech) Family characteristics: children: 11.0 ± 0.9 years (64%); adults: 43.0 ± 5.8 years (88%)	Duration: not reported Setting: not reported Strategies: email announcements, flyers posted in community settings, paid newspaper ads, direct mail postcards	Reach: not reported Total number of expressions of interest: 98 Initiated expression of interest: not reported Expressions of interest rate: not reported Enrolment rate: not reported
Childhood and Adolescence Surveillance and Prevention of Adult Non communicable disease (CASPIAN) Study Kargarfard; 2012; Iran Kelishadi; 2010; Iran	Non-RCT (2 groups, pre- and 2 post-measures) Study arms: mother/daughter arm or student-only arm Aims/objective: to examine the effect of a physical activity program for high school girls and their mothers.	Recruitment target: mother-daughter dyads or students only Target sample size: not reported Actual sample size: mother/daughter group: n = 206 girls and 204 mothers; student-only group: n = 60 girls) Family characteristics: children: 15.8 ± 1.0 years (100%) in mother/daughter group; 15.9 ± 1.3 years (100%) in student-only group. Adults: age not reported (100%) in either group	Duration: not reported Setting: Schools (n = not reported) Strategies: not reported	Reach: not reported Total number of expressions of interest: not reported Initiated expression of interest: not reported Expressions of interest rate: not reported Enrolment rate: not reported
4-Health Lynch; 2012; USA	Pilot RCT protocol (2 groups, pre- and 2 post-measures) Study arms: experimental or ‘best practices’ control Aims/objective: to develop, implement, and evaluate a parent-centred obesity prevention program for rural families.	Recruitment target: children and their parents Target sample size: 75 participants/group Actual sample size: unknown Family characteristics unknown	Duration: not reported Setting: 4-H (n = 25 4-H extension agents). Strategies: announcements and information at county fairs, announcements in 4-H newsletters, electronic and/or printed announcements to 4-H clubs, emails to 4-H listservs, and phone calls to 4-H leaders	Reach: unknown Total number of expressions of interest: unknown Initiated expression of interest: unknown Expressions of interest rate: unknown Enrolment rate: unknown
No intervention name Mark; 2013; Canada	Pilot RCT (2 groups, pre- and post-measure) Study arms: GameBike (experimental) or traditional stationary bike (control) Aims/objective: primarily, to compare usage of a GameBike to a traditional stationary bike placed in front of the television among parents and children	Recruitment target: families Target sample size: not reported Actual sample size: 30 families (n = 59 adults, n = 38 children) Family characteristics: children: experimental – 6.0 ± 2.1 years (42%); control – 5.4 ± 1.7 years (42%); adults: experimental – 37.1 ± 6.6 years (52%), control – 36.6 ± 6.1 years (50%)	Duration: not reported Setting: healthcare centres, recreation centres, daycares, preschools, and shopping malls (n = not reported). Strategies: not reported	Reach: not reported Total number of expressions of interest: 58 families Initiated expression of interest: not reported Expressions of interest rate: not reported Enrolment rate: not reported
Kick Start Your Day Mohammad; 2012; USA	Pilot trial (2 groups, pre- and post-measure) Study arms: experimental or control Aims/objective: to evaluate a family-based nutrition and physical activity program targeting low-income Latino families	Recruitment target: Latino families Target sample size: not reported Actual sample size: 56 parents (n = 25 intervention, n = 31 control) and their children (n = not reported) Family characteristics: children: range = 6-12 years (not reported); adults: 37.0 ± 7.0 years (not reported)	Duration: not reported Setting: community centre (n = 1) and clinic (n = 1) Strategies: flyers and brochures written in English and Spanish, presentation delivered at a parent-teacher association meeting and community leader forum	Reach: not reported Total number of expressions of interest: not reported Initiated expression of interest: not reported Expressions of interest rate: not reported Enrolment rate: not reported
Children, parents and pets exercising together (CPET) Morrison; 2013; UK Yam; 2012; UK	Randomised controlled feasibility trial (2 groups, pre- and post-measure) Study arms: experimental or no treatment control Aims/objectives: to assess the feasibility and acceptability of the CPET intervention and trial, preliminary evidence of its potential efficacy, planning and powering a future intervention, and to improve understanding of the frequency, intensity and duration of dog walking among dog owning families in Scotland	Recruitment target: Families with dogs Target sample size: 40 families Actual sample size: 28 families (experimental: n = 16 families, control: n = 12 families) Family characteristics: children = 10.9 years (76%), adults = 44.8 years (82%)	Duration: not reported Setting: primary schools (n = 37 approached; n = 35 agreed) Strategies: invitation letters sent to dog owning parents with children attending primary schools in one local authority area	Reach: 350 letters sent Total number of expressions of interest: 127 families Initiated expression of interest: not reported Expressions of interest rate: not reported Enrolment rate: not reported
Dads and Daughters Exercising and Empowered (DADEE) Morgan; 2019; Australia	RCT (2 groups, pre- and 2 post-measures) Study arms: experimental or wait-list control Aims/objective: to evaluate a program designed to improve father-daughter physical activity and daughters’ fundamental movement skill competency; fathers’, daughters’ screen-time; fathers’ physical activity parenting practices	Recruitment target: fathers and their daughters Target sample size: 86 fathers and 134 daughters Actual sample size: 115 fathers and 153 daughters (DADEE: n = 57 fathers, n = 74 daughters; wait-list control: n = 58 fathers, n = 79 daughters) Family characteristics: children: 7.7 ± 1.8 years (100%); adults: 41.0 ± 4.6 years (0%)	Duration: 11 weeks Setting: not reported Strategies: university media release picked up by local television, radio, newspaper news outlets.	Reach: not reported Total number of expressions of interest: 160 Initiated expression of interest: not reported Expressions of interest rate: 14-15 families/week Enrolment rate: ~10 families/week
Healthy Dads, Healthy Kids (HDHK) Morgan; 2014; Australia Morgan, Lubans, Plotnikoff; 2011; Australia Williams; 2018; Australia	Community RCT (2 groups, pre- and post-measures) Study arms: experimental or a wait-list control Aims/objective: to evaluate the HDHK intervention when delivered by trained local facilitators in the community	Recruitment target: fathers and their children Target sample size: 50 fathers and their children Actual sample size: 93 fathers and 132 children Family characteristics: children: 8.1 ± 2.1 years (45%); adults: 40.3 ± 5.3 years (0%)	Duration: ~8 weeks Setting: schools (n = not reported) Strategies: school newsletters, school presentations, interactions with parents at school pick up, local media, and flyers distributed through local communities	Reach: not reported Total number of expressions of interest: 116 Initiated expression of interest: not reported Expressions of interest rate: ~14-15 families/week Enrolment rate: ~11-12 families/week
Healthy Dads, Healthy Kids (HDHK) Morgan, Lubans, Callister; 2011; Australia	RCT (2 groups, pre- and 2 post-measures) Study arms: experimental or a wait-list control	Recruitment target: fathers and their children Target sample size: 44 fathers and their children	Duration: ~8 weeks Setting: schools (n = not reported) Strategies: school newsletters, local media	Reach: not reported Total number of expressions of interest: 107
Lubans; 2012; Australia Burrows; 2012; Australia	Aims/objective: to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of HDHK to help fathers lose weight and model positive health behaviours to their children	Actual sample size: 53 fathers and 71 children Family characteristics: children: 8.1 ± 2.1 years (45%); adults: 40.3 ± 5.3 years (0%)		Initiated expression of interest: not reported Expressions of interest rate: ~13 families/week Enrolment rate: ~6-7 families/week
The San Diego Family Health Project Nader; 1989; USA Nader; 1992; USA Nader; 1983; USA Patterson; 1988; USA	CRCT (4 groups, pre- and 3 post-measures) Study arms: Mexican-American experimental, Anglo-American experimental, Mexican-American control, or Anglo-American control Aims/objective: to decrease consumption of high salt, high fat foods; and increase frequency and intensity of physical activity	Recruitment target: families (only up to 2 children and 2 adults measured) Target sample size: not reported Actual sample size: 206 families Family characteristics: Mexican-American experimental. Children: 12.1 ± 1.7 years (55%), adults: 37.1 ± 6.8 years (88%); Anglo-American experimental. Children: 12.1 ± 1.9 years (38%), adults: 39.4 ± 7.1 years (62%); Mexican-American control. Children: 12.0 ± 1.7 years (49%), adults: 35.6 ± 6.9 years (75%); Anglo-American control. Children: 11.8 ± 1.4 years (48%), adults: 36.9 ± 5.1 years (58%)	Duration: not reported Setting: primary schools (n = not reported) Strategies: newspaper articles, Parent-Teacher Association meetings, community groups, and a family fun night (covered by a local TV station).	Reach: ~6,000 children Total number of expressions of interest: not reported Initiated expression of interest: not reported Expressions of interest rate: not reported Enrolment rate: not reported
Behavior Opportunities Uniting Nutrition, Counseling, and Exercise (BOUNCE) Olvera; 2010; USA Olvera; 2008; USA	CRCT (2 groups, pre- and post-measures) Study arms: experimental or control Aims/objective: primarily, to assess the efficacy of the BOUNCE intervention for improving physical fitness and activity in Latino mother–daughter pairs	Recruitment target: Latino mother-daughter dyads Target sample size: 50 dyads Actual sample size: 46 dyads (n = 26 experimental, n = 20 controls) Family characteristics: children: experimental – 9.9 ± 1.1 years (100%), control – 10.4 ± 1.1 years (100%); adults: experimental – 33.3 ± 4.6 years (100%), control – 38.2 ± 10.6 years (100%)	Duration: not reported Setting: not reported Strategies: flyers mailed to homes of Latino families	Reach: not reported Total number of expressions of interest: 57 parents Initiated expression of interest: not reported Expressions of interest rate: not reported Enrolment rate: not reported
No intervention name Owens; 2011; USA	Quasi-experimental (2 groups, pre- and post-measures) Study arms: experimental or control Aims/objective: to examine changes in physical activity and fitness in families after 3 months of home use of the Wii Fit	Recruitment target: families Target sample size: not reported Actual sample size: 8 families (n = 21 participants) Family characteristics: children: 10.0 ± 1.6 years (50%); adults: 37.8 ± 4.9 years (78%)	Duration: not reported Setting: not reported Strategies: local newspaper advertisement	Reach: not reported Total number of expressions of interest: not reported Initiated expression of interest: not reported Expressions of interest rate: not reported Enrolment rate: not reported
Etude Longitudinale Prospective Alimentation et Santé (ELPAS) study Paineau; 2008; France	RCT (3 groups, pre- and post-measures) Study arms: Group A (experimental), Group B (experimental), Group C (no treatment control) Hypothesis: family dietary coaching would improve nutritional intakes and weight control in free-living children and parents	Recruitment target: families (parent-child dyad minimum) Target sample size: 295 families/experimental group and 420 families in the control group Actual sample size: 1,013 families (Group A = 297 families, Group B = 298 families, Group C = 418 families) Family characteristics: children: 7.7. years (52%); adults: 40.5 (82%)	Duration: 16 weeks Setting: schools only (n = 54) Strategies: mailed study information	Reach: not reported Total number of expressions of interest: not reported Initiated expression of interest: not reported Expressions of interest rate: not reported Enrolment rate: not reported
Y Living Parra-Medina; 2015; USA	Quasi-experimental (1 group, pre- and post-measures) Study arms: experimental arm only Aims/objective: to examine the impact of the Y Living Program on the weight status of adult and child participants	Recruitment target: families Target sample size: not reported Actual sample size: 242 adults, 106 children Family characteristics: children: 12 (interquartile range: 10-14) years (49%); adults: 41 (interquartile range: 33-53) (81%)	Duration: not reported Setting: churches, schools (n = not reported) Strategies: organisational newsletters, neighbourhood newspapers, word-of-mouth	Reach: not reported Total number of expressions of interest: not reported Initiated expression of interest: not reported Expressions of interest rate: not reported Enrolment rate: not reported
Choosing 5 Fruits and Veg Every Day Pearson; 2010; UK	Pilot trial (2 groups, pre- and 2 post-measures) Study arms: experimental or no treatment control Aims/objective: to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of a family-based newsletter intervention to increase fruit and vegetable consumption among adolescents	Recruitment target: parent-adolescent dyads Target sample size: not reported Actual sample size: 49 dyads Family characteristics: children: experimental – 12.6 ± 1.0 years (44%), control – 12.3 ± 0.7 years (42%); adults: experimental – 44.4 ± 5.3 years (71%), control – 43.9 ± 3.6 years (75%)	Duration: 16 weeks Setting: schools, universities, factories, warehouses, clubs/societies (n = not reported) Strategies: newspaper and website advertisements, posters in workplaces (universities, factories, warehouses), and letters through schools and activity clubs/societies	Reach: not reported Total number of expressions of interest: not reported Initiated expression of interest: not reported Expressions of interest rate: not reported Enrolment rate: not reported
Daughters and Mothers Exercising Together (DAMET) Ransdell; 2004; USA Ransdell; 2003; USA Ransdell; 2001; USA	Pilot trial (2 groups, pre- and post-measures) Study arms: community-based or home-based experimental arms Aims/objective: to assess the effectiveness of home- and community-based physical activity interventions that target mothers and daughters to increase physical activity and improve health-related fitness	Recruitment target: mother-daughter dyads Target sample size: not reported Actual sample size: 20 dyads Family characteristics: children: community-based – 15.2 ± 1.2 years (100%), home-based – 15.7 ± 1.5 years (100%);adults: community-based – 46.0 ± 8.5 years (100%), home-based – 44.0 ± 6.1 years (100%)	Duration: not reported Setting: not reported Strategies: newspaper articles, local Girl Scout troop announcements, referral.	Reach: not reported Total number of expressions of interest: not reported Initiated expression of interest: not reported Expressions of interest rate: not reported Enrolment rate: not reported
Generations Exercising Together to Improve Fitness (GET FIT) Ransdell; 2005; USA Ornes; 2005; USA	Pilot trial (2 groups, pre- and post-measure) Study arms: experimental or no treatment control Aims/objective: to compare a 6-month home based physical activity intervention to a control condition on physical activity and health related fitness in 3 generations of women	Recruitment target: grandmother-mother- daughter triads Target sample size: not reported Actual sample size: 17 triads Family characteristics: children: experimental – 10.8 ± 1.4 years (100%), control – 9.4 ± 1.5 years (100%); mothers: experimental – 37.8 ± 4.2 years (100%), control – 36.6 ± 4.2 years (100%); grandmothers: experimental – 60.7 ± 4.3 years (100%), control – 62.9 ± 4.5 years (100%)	Duration: not reported Setting: not reported Strategies: newspaper, email and flyer advertisements, word-of-mouth	Reach: not reported Total number of expressions of interest: not reported Initiated expression of interest: not reported Expressions of interest rate: not reported Enrolment rate: not reported
No intervention name Rhodes; 2019 Canada Quinlan; 2015; Canada	RCT (2 groups, pre- and 3 post- measures) Study arms: physical activity education + planning (experimental) or physical activity education (control) Aims/objective: to evaluate whether a planning condition improves regular physical activity compared to an education-only control condition among families	Recruitment target: families (minimum parent-child dyad required) Target sample size: 160 families Actual sample size: 102 families Family characteristics: children: intervention – 8.8 ± 2.3 years (50%), control – 9.1 ± 1.9 years (54%); adults: intervention – 42.2 ± 5.7 years (76%) intervention, control – 43.0 ± 5.7 years (83%) Dual-parent families = 52%; single- families = 44%; families with siblings = 29%	Duration: not reported Setting: schools, recreation centres, health care centres, children’s recreation classes, shopping malls, and outdoor markets (n = not reported) Strategies: newspaper advertisements. Snowball recruitment was also used, where families received a CA$25 grocery store gift card if they referred another family. Recruitment was conducted by stratifying the city into regions to ensure diversity of families.	Reach: not reported Total number of expressions of interest: 188 parents Initiated expression of interest: not reported Expressions of interest rate: not reported Enrolment rate: not reported
No intervention name Rhodes; 2010; Canada	Pilot RCT (2 groups, pre- and post-measures) Study arms: standard intervention or standard intervention + planning Aims/objective: to examine the effect of a planning intervention compared to a standard condition on intergenerational physical activity in families	Recruitment target: families Target sample size: not reported Actual sample size: 85 families Family characteristics: children: standard – range = 4-10 years (not reported) standard+ – range = 4-10 years (not reported); adults: standard – 38.6 ± 5.3 years (79%), standard+ – 39.0 ± 5.2 years (90%)	Duration: 52 weeks Setting: daycares, recreation centres, preschools, primary schools (n = not reported) Strategies: flyers, poster advertisements	Reach: not reported Total number of expressions of interest: 107 families Initiated expression of interest: not reported Expressions of interest rate: ~2 families/week Enrolment rate: ~1-2 families/week
Scouting Nutrition & Activity Program (SNAP) Rosenkranz; 2010; USA Rosenkranz; 2009; USA	CRCT (2 groups, pre- and post-measure) Study arms: experimental or standard-care control Aims/objective: to evaluate an intervention designed to prevent obesity by modifying Girl Scout troop meeting environments, and by empowering girls to improve the quantity and/or quality of family meals in their home environments	Recruitment target: Girl Scout troops and their parents Target sample size: 8 troops with 20 girls/troop Actual sample size: 7 troops (mean = 11 girls/troop) Family characteristics: children: experimental – 10.6 ± 1.1 years (100%), control – 10.5 ± 1.3 years (100%); adults: experimental – age and % female not reported, adults: control – age and % female not reported	Duration: not reported Setting: Girl Scouts troops (n = 7 troops) Strategies: not reported	Reach: not reported Total number of expressions of interest: not reported Initiated expression of interest: not reported Expressions of interest rate: not reported Enrolment rate: not reported
No intervention name Salimzadeh; 2010; Iran	Quasi-experimental (1 group, pre- and post-measures) Study arms: experimental arm only Aims/objective: to evaluate the effectiveness of an exercise program on the body composition and physical fitness of mothers and daughters	Recruitment target: mother-daughter dyads Target sample size: not reported Actual sample size: 35 dyads Family characteristics: children: 15.0 ± 1.6 years (100%); adults: 40.0 ± 3.8 years (100%)	Duration: not reported Setting: schools only (n = 5) Strategies: not reported	Reach: 300 students Total number of expressions of interest: not reported Initiated expression of interest: not reported Expressions of interest rate: not reported Enrolment rate: not reported
No intervention name Schwinn; 2014; USA	Pilot trial (2 groups, pre- and 2 post-measures) Study arms: experimental or control Aims/objective: to improve the well-being of girls living in public housing by improving dietary intake, increasing physical activity, and reducing drug use risks	Recruitment target: mother-daughter dyads Target sample size: not reported Actual sample size: 67 dyads (n = 36 intervention, n = 31 control) Family characteristics: children: 11.9 ± 0.9 years (100%); adults: 36.2 ± 6.2 years (100%)	Duration: 4 weeks Setting: public housing development (n = 1) Strategies: Google AdWords, public housing development newspapers, Facebook and Craigslist advertisements	Reach: not reported Total number of expressions of interest: 86 Initiated expression of interest: not reported Expressions of interest rate: 21-22 families/week Enrolment rate: 16-17 families/week
Brighter Bites (BB) Sharma; 2016; USA	Quasi-experimental (2 group, pre- and post-measures) Study arms: BB (experimental) or school health program (control) Aims/objective: to evaluate the effectiveness of a school-based food co-op program to increase fruit and vegetable intake, and home nutrition environment among low-income children and their parents	Recruitment target: parent-child dyads Target sample size: not reported Actual sample size: 717 dyads (n = 407 intervention, n = 310 control) Family characteristics: children: 6.2 ± 0.4 years (52%); adults: 34.3 ± 7.4 years (90%)	Duration: 2 school years Setting: schools only (n = 12) Strategies: not reported	Reach: not reported Total number of expressions of interest: not reported Initiated expression of interest: not reported Expressions of interest rate: not reported Enrolment rate: 358-359 dyads/school year
No intervention name Stolley; 1997; USA	Pilot trial (2 groups, pre- and post-measures) Study arms: experimental or control Aims/objective: to assess the effectiveness of an obesity prevention program on pre-adolescent girls and their mothers	Recruitment target: mother-daughter dyads Target sample size: not reported Actual sample size: 65 dyads Family characteristics: children: intervention – 9.9 ± 1.3 years (100%), control – 10.0 ± 1.5 years (100%); adults: intervention – 31.5 ± 3.4 years (100%), control – 33.7 ± 6.8 years (100%)	Duration: not reported Setting: tutoring program (n = 1) Strategies: advertisement in tutoring newsletter, letters sent to mothers of children registered at tutoring program, presentation delivered to parents at tutoring program orientation	Reach: not reported Total number of expressions of interest: not reported Initiated expression of interest: not reported Expressions of interest rate: not reported Enrolment rate: not reported
One Body, One Life Towey; 2011; UK	Quasi-experimental (1 group, pre- and post-measures) Study arms: experimental arm only Aims/objective: to evaluate a family-based programme designed to prevent obesity	Recruitment target: families Target sample size: not reported Actual sample size: 272 children and 182 parents. Family characteristics: children: 8.0 years (50%); adults: age not reported (87%)	Duration: not reported Setting: neighbourhood groups, local fetes, community groups, general practitioner surgeries, libraries, children’s centres, print media, schools (n = not reported) Strategies: flyers, posters, newsletters, word-of-mouth, referrals from healthcare professionals, local newspapers, and making team members visible in the community (e.g., attending events, delivering ‘taster sessions’).	Reach: not reported Total number of expressions of interest: not reported Initiated expression of interest: not reported Expressions of interest rate: not reported Enrolment rate: not reported
Family Eats Weber Cullen; 2017; USA	RCT (2 groups, pre- and 2 post-measures) Study arms: experimental or control Aims/objective: to improve parent and child fruit and vegetable intake	Recruitment target: families Target sample size: not reported Actual sample size: 126 families (n = 92 intervention; n = 34 control) Family characteristics: children: age not reported (55%); adults: 59% < 40 years (98%)	Duration: not reported Setting: schools, churches, health fairs, community centres (n = not reported) Strategies: flyers, radio advertisements	Reach: not reported Total number of expressions of interest: not reported Initiated expression of interest: not reported Expressions of interest rate: not reported Enrolment rate: not reported
No intervention name Ziebarth; 2012; USA	Quasi-experimental (1 group, pre- and post-measures) Study arms: experimental arm only Aims/objective: to evaluate a family intervention programme designed to decrease overweight and obesity in Hispanic families	Recruitment target: Hispanic families Target sample size: not reported Actual sample size: 47 families (n = 57 adults, n = 54 children) Family characteristics: children: age and % female not reported, adults: 32 years (not reported)	Duration: not reported Setting: local churches, medical clinics, schools, self-service laundries, and community programs (n = not reported) Strategies: posters, announcements, word-of-mouth	Reach: not reported Total number of expressions of interest: not reported Initiated expression of interest: not reported Expressions of interest rate: not reported Enrolment rate: not reported