Table 2.

Strategies for identifying antimicrobial-resistant infections used by antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance networks (a list adapted from Ashley et al., 2018 [7], stratified by strategy used and arranged in alphabetical order) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs)

Name	Year	Target infections/organisms	Strategy used to identify AMR cases
A Clinically Oriented Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network (ACORN)	2019 ongoing	Sepsis; meningitis; pneumonia (both community-acquired and hospital-acquired)	Case-based surveillance of clinical syndrome
Antimicrobial Resistance Epidemiological Survey on Cystitis (ARESC), European Society for Infection in Urology	2003—2006	Uncomplicated cystitis	Case-based surveillance of clinical syndrome
Bacterial Infections and Antibiotic-Resistant Diseases Among Young Children in Low-Income Countries (BIRDY), Institut Pasteur International Network	2012 ongoing	Sepsis; meningitis; pneumonia	Case-based surveillance of clinical syndrome
Burden of Antibiotic Resistance in Neonates from Developing Societies	2015—2018	Neonatal sepsis	Case-based surveillance of clinical syndrome
Clinical Information Network—Antimicrobial Resistance (CINAMR) project	2021—2023a	A project that may feed data into other initiative such as ACORN network and WHO GLASS	Case-based surveillance of clinical syndrome
Diseases of the Most Impoverished Typhoid Study Group and Multicentre Shigellosis Surveillance Study (DOMI), International Vaccine Institute, Republic of Korea	2001 —2004	Typhoid fever	Case-based surveillance of clinical syndrome
Global Point Prevalence Survey of Antimicrobial Consumption and Resistance (Global-PPS), University of Antwerp	2015 ongoing	Hospital-acquired infections	Case-based surveillance of clinical syndrome
Hib Impact Project (Pediatric Bacterial Meningitis Surveillance Network)	2006—2008	Meningitis	Case-based surveillance of clinical syndrome
International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC)	2002 ongoing	Clinically defined pneumonia; laboratory-confirmed bloodstream infection; clinical sepsis; symptomatic urinary tract infection	Case-based surveillance of clinical syndrome
Proof-of-Principle routine diagnostics project for antimicrobial resistance surveillance (PoP project), CAESAR	2018 ongoing	Suspected bloodstream infections	Case-based surveillance of clinical syndrome
South Asian Pneumococcal Alliance (SAPNA), GAVI Alliance	2004—2009	Sepsis; meningitis; pneumonia (children 2—5 years old)	Case-based surveillance of clinical syndrome
Surgical Unit-based Safety Programme (SUSP)	2013—2015	Surgical site infection	Case-based surveillance of clinical syndrome
The Alexander Project, GlaxoSmithKline	1992—2002	Bacteria	Case-finding based on specimens sent to laboratory for clinical purposes
Asian Network for Surveillance of Resistant Pathogens (ANSORP), Sungkyunkwan University, Korea	1996 ongoing	Bacteria	Case-finding based on specimens sent to laboratory for clinical purposes
Antibiotic Resistance in the Mediterranean Region (ARMed), Infection Control Unit, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta	2003—2007	Bacteria	Case-finding based on specimens sent to laboratory for clinical purposes
ARTEMIS Global Antifungal Surveillance Programme (ARTEMIS)	1997—2005	Fungi	Case-finding based on specimens sent to laboratory for clinical purposes
Assessing Worldwide Antimicrobial Resistance and Evaluation Programme (AWARE), International Health Management Associates, Inc. (IHMA)	2012 ongoing	Bacteria	Case-finding based on specimens sent to laboratory for clinical purposes
Central Asian and Eastern European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance (CAESAR)	2013 ongoing	Bacteria	Case-finding based on specimens sent to laboratory for clinical purposes
Caribbean Public Health Agency (CARPHA)	2013 ongoing	Bacteria	Case-finding based on specimens sent to laboratory for clinical purposes
Community-Acquired Respiratory Tract Infection Pathogen Surveillance (CARTIPS)	2009—2010	Bacteria	Case-finding based on specimens sent to laboratory for clinical purposes
Centre for Disease Dynamics, Economics and Policy (CDDEP)/ResistanceMap	1999 ongoing	Bacteria	Case-finding based on specimens sent to laboratory for clinical purposes
Community-Based Surveillance of Antimicrobial Use and Resistance in Resource-Constrained Settings, WHO	2002—2005	Bacteria	Case-finding based on specimens sent to laboratory for clinical purposes
Comparative Activity of Carbapenem Testing (COMPACT and COMPACT II), Janssen Asia-Pacific	2008—2010	Bacteria	Case-finding based on specimens sent to laboratory for clinical purposes
International Daptomycin Surveillance Programmes, JMI Laboratories	2011 ongoing	Bacteria	Case-finding based on specimens sent to laboratory for clinical purposes
European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network (EARS-Net), ECDC	1999 ongoing	Bacteria	Case-finding based on specimens sent to laboratory for clinical purposes
Enter-Net International Surveillance Network, Health Protection Agency, UK	1993—2007	Bacteria	Case-finding based on specimens sent to laboratory for clinical purposes
Food- and Waterborne Diseases and Zoonoses Network (FWD-Net), ECDC	2007 ongoing	Bacteria	Case-finding based on specimens sent to laboratory for clinical purposes
Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme (GASP), WHO	1992 ongoing	Bacteria	Case-finding based on specimens sent to laboratory for clinical purposes
International Network For Optimal Resistance Monitoring (INFORM), IHMA	2012—2014	Bacteria	Case-finding based on specimens sent to laboratory for clinical purposes
International Network for the Study and Prevention of Emerging Antimicrobial Resistance (INSPEAR), US CDC	1998—2010	Bacteria	Case-finding based on specimens sent to laboratory for clinical purposes
In Vitro Activity of Oral Antimicrobial Agents Against Pathogens Associated With Community-Acquired Upper Respiratory Tract and Urinary Tract Infections: A Five Country Surveillance Study, IHMA	2012—2013	Bacteria	Case-finding based on specimens sent to laboratory for clinical purposes
Multiyear, Multinational Survey of the Incidence and Global Distribution of MBL-Producing Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, IHMA	2012—2014	Bacteria	Case-finding based on specimens sent to laboratory for clinical purposes
Minocycline activity tested against Acinetobacter baumannii complex, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Burkholderia cepacia species complex isolates from a global surveillance programme (2013), JMI Laboratories	2013	Bacteria	Case-finding based on specimens sent to laboratory for clinical purposes
Meropenem Yearly Susceptibility Test Information Collection (MYSTIC), AstraZeneca	1997—2008	Bacteria	Case-finding based on specimens sent to laboratory for clinical purposes
Mortality from Bacterial Infections Resistant to Antibiotics (MBIRA)	2020 ongoing	Gram-negative enteric bacteria	Case-finding based on specimens sent to laboratory for clinical purposes
NosoMed Pilot Survey in the Eastern Mediterranean Area, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon I	2003—2004	Bacteria	Case-finding based on specimens sent to laboratory for clinical purposes
Programme to Assess Ceftolozane/Tazobactam Susceptibility (PACTS), Cubist Pharmaceuticals	2012 ongoing	Bacteria	Case-finding based on specimens sent to laboratory for clinical purposes
Pan-European Antimicrobial Resistance Using Local Surveillance (PEARLS), Wyeth Pharmaceuticals	2001—2002	Bacteria	Case-finding based on specimens sent to laboratory for clinical purposes
Prospective Resistant Organism Tracking and Epidemiology for the Ketolide Telithromycin (PROTEKT), Sanofi-Aventis	1999—2004	Bacteria	Case-finding based on specimens sent to laboratory for clinical purposes
Red Latinoamericana de Vigilancia de la Resistencia a los Antimicrobianos (ReLAVRA), PAHO	1996 ongoing	Bacteria	Case-finding based on specimens sent to laboratory for clinical purposes
Study on Antimicrobial Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus(SARISA), LEO Pharma (Copenhagen)	1996 ongoing	Bacteria	Case-finding based on specimens sent to laboratory for clinical purposes
SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme, JMI laboratories	1997 ongoing	Bacteria, fungi	Case-finding based on specimens sent to laboratory for clinical purposes
Sistema de Redes de Vigilancia de los Agentes Responsables de Neumonias y Meningitis Bacterianas (SIREVA and SIREVA II), PAHO	1993—onging	Bacteria	Case-finding based on specimens sent to laboratory for clinical purposes
Study for Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance Trends (SMART), Merck & Co. Inc.	2002—2011	Bacteria	Case-finding based on specimens sent to laboratory for clinical purposes
Survey of Antibiotic Resistance (SOAR), GlaxoSmithKline	2002 ongoing	Bacteria	Case-finding based on specimens sent to laboratory for clinical purposes
International Solithromycin Surveillance Programmes, JMI Laboratories, USA	2011 ongoing	Bacteria	Case-finding based on specimens sent to laboratory for clinical purposes
TARGETed Surveillance Study, GR Micro Ltd, UK	2003—2007	Bacteria	Case-finding based on specimens sent to laboratory for clinical purposes
Tigecycline Evaluation and Surveillance Trial (TEST), IHMA	2004 ongoing	Bacteria	Case-finding based on specimens sent to laboratory for clinical purposes
Typhoid Fever Surveillance in Africa Programme (TSAP), International Vaccine Institute, Korea	2009 ongoing	Bacteria	Case-finding based on specimens sent to laboratory for clinical purposes
WHO Western Pacific Regional Programme for Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance	1991—1998	Bacteria	Case-finding based on specimens sent to laboratory for clinical purposes
ZyvoxVR Annual Appraisal of Potency and Spectrum (ZAAPS), JMI Laboratories, USA and Pfizer	2004 ongoing	Bacteria	Case-finding based on specimens sent to laboratory for clinical purposes

^aA tentative timeline (https://sedric.org.uk/amr-surveillance-projects/).