Fig. 5. Association of SNPs with apolipoprotein(a) isoforms.

(A) Association of selected SNPs with given apo(a) isoform ranges in Europeans, stratified by Lp(a)-increasing or Lp(a)-decreasing variants, as in Fig. 3. This shows considerable differences across SNPs. (B) Association of selected SNPs with different isoform ranges across ancestries (ancestry color code given bottom-right). Unfortunately, this data is available for only very few SNPs, but notable differences can be appreciated, which can bias cross-ancestry studies. Note that no truly structured and standardized data is available. For most SNPs isoform-association has been assessed only by one or maximum a few studies. Therefore, this figure has been assembled from multiple technologies such as LPA genotyping by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis [10,11], Western blotting and imputed KIV-2 content [24]. The ranges given here are thus purely indicative and, especially at single individual level, association with other isoforms may be possible as well. When various overlapping ranges were reported by different authors, the widest range is shown. Additional information and references are given in Table 1. For simplicity, boxes with defined boundaries have been used for representation (the limits are based on literature reports), but for many SNPs the isoform-association is not that well confined and extends also beyond the limits given here. For example, KIV-2 4733G>A is seen predominantly in 24–33 KIV but found across the whole isoform range.