. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Sep 15.

Published in final edited form as: Proc Nutr Soc. 2021 Mar 5;80(3):356–364. doi: 10.1017/S0029665121000550

Table 2. Criteria used in developing dietary reference values for 11 micronutrients: increments for pregnancy and lactation.

	United Kingdom^a	US/Canada^b	European Union^c
Pregnancy
Fetal growth, maternal tissues, pregnancy outcomes	A, riboflavin, folate, C	A, thiamin, riboflavin, folate, B₁₂, C, iron, magnesium	A, riboflavin, B₁₂, C
Biomarkers in controlled studies			folate
Usual intake		potassium^*
Adaptation or offset (i.e. no increment)	thiamin, B₁₂, D^†, iron, calcium, magnesium, potassium	calcium^‡, D^‡	thiamin, D, iron, calcium, magnesium, potassium
Lactation
Breastmilk concentration + volume	ribooflavin, folate, B₁₂, C, calcium, magnesium	A, thiamin, riboflavin, folate, B12, C, iron	A, riboflavin, folate, B₁₂, C, potassium
Usual intake		potassium^*
Adaptation or offset (i.e. no increment)	thiamin, D^†, iron, potassium	D^‡, calcium^‡, magnesium	thiamin, D, iron, calcium, magnesium

Developed and published by the Committee on the Medical Aspects of Food Policy1991⁽²⁾, unless otherwise stated

Developed and published by the Institute of Medicine in a series 1997-2001^(4–7), unless otherwise stated

Developed and published by the European Food Safety Authority in a series 2013-2017⁽¹⁰⁾

Developed and published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine 2019⁽⁹⁾

^†

Published by the Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition 2016⁽³⁾

^‡

Developed and published by the Institute of Medicine 2011⁽⁸⁾