Table 1. Expression levels of chemokines and chemokine receptors in various solid tumors.
| Chemokine family | Subgroups | Ligands(L) | Chemokine receptors (R) | Elevated levels of Ligands/Receptors/L-R axis in solid tumors |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CXC chemokines |
ELR + chemokines | CXCL1 | CXCR1, CXCR2 | CXCLI↑–Tumor growth: Pancreatic cancer, Breast cancer, Colon cancer and Melanoma; Angiogenesis: Renal Cancer [19–26] |
| CXCL2 | CXCR2 | CXCL2↑ – Tumor growth: Melanoma, and PDA [27,31] | ||
| CXCL3 | CXCR2 | CXCL3↑ – Tumor growth: Melanoma; Angiogenesis: Renal Cancer [12] | ||
| CXCL5 | CXCR2 | CXCL5↑ – Tumor growth: PDA and NSCLC; Angiogenesis: HCC and NSCLC; Metastasis: NSCLC [12,31] | ||
| CXCL6 | CXCR1, CXCR2 | CXCL6↑ – Tumor growth: Melanoma [12] | ||
| CXCL7 | CXCR1, CXCR2 | CXCL7↑ – Tumor growth: Clear cell renal cell carcinoma and breast cancer; Angiogenesis: Breast Cancer | ||
| CXCL8 | CXCR1, CXCR2[12] | CXCL8↑ – Tumor growth: Melanoma, head and neck cancer, PDA and NSCLC, Angiogenesis: Colon, prostate, ovarian, PDA, lung and renal carcinoma; Metastasis: Breast Cancer, prostate cancer [12,20–26, 32] | ||
| CXCL14 | Unknown | CXCR1↑ – Metastasis: Colon cancer [19] | ||
| ELR– chemokines | CXCL15 | Unknown | CXCR2↑ – Tumor growth: Melanoma; Angiogenesis: Renal Cancer; Metastasis: Breast Cancer, Colon cancer [20–26,28–30] CXCR1-CXCL8 axis↑ – Tumor growth: GBM [19] |
|
| CXCL4 | Unknown | CXCR3↑– Metastasis: Melanoma, Breast, Prostate, Renal, ovarian and colon cancer [38–44] | ||
| CXCL9 | CXCR3 | CXCR4↑– Tumor growth: Glioma, lymphoma, ovarian and pancreatic cancer [53–56] | ||
| CXCL10 | CXCR3, KSHV-GPCR | CXCR5↑– Metastasis: Colon cancer | ||
| CXCL11 | CXCR3 | CXCL9↑–Tumor growth: Melanoma [177] | ||
| CXCL12 | CXCR4 | CXCL10↑-Tumor growth: Multiple myeloma [177] | ||
| CXCL13 | CXCR5 | CXCL12-CXCR4 axis↑– Proliferation: Lymphoma, Breast, Ovarian, Pancreatic, and Prostate cancer, multiple myeloma and glioblastoma; Angiogenesis: Breast cancer; Metastasis: Breast, ovarian, prostate, pancreatic, esophageal, colorectal, melanoma, NSCLC, head and neck and bladder cancer, basal cell carcinoma, osteosarcoma, neuroblastoma, ALL, CML and GBM [53–61] | ||
| CXCL16 | CXCR6 | |||
| CC chemokines | CCL1 | CCR8 | CCR1↑– Anti-tumor: HCC; Metastasis: Ovarian, Breast and esophageal cancer [65,66] | |
| CCL2 | CCR2, CCR5, CCR10 | CCR2↑ – Tumor growth: Prostate cancer [79] | ||
| CCL3 | CCR1, CCR5 | CCL2↑ – Tumor growth: Ovarian, Breast and Pancreatic cancer, Metastasis: Breast, Ovarian and esophageal cancers [67,139–141] | ||
| CCL4 | CCR5, CCR10 | CCL2↓– Tumor growth, and CCL2↑ – Anti-tumor effect: Melanoma | ||
| CCL5 | CCR1, CCR3, CCR5, CCR10 | CCL3, CCL4, CCL8, CCL18 and CCL22↑ – Ovarian cancer [129] | ||
| CCL7 | CCR1, CCR2, CCR3, CCR5 | CCL5↑ – Tumor growth: Breast cancer; Antitumor effect: NSCLC, and Breast Cancer, CCR3↑ – Renal cell carcinoma [66,163] | ||
| CCL8 | CCR2, CCR3, CCR5 CCR1 |
CCR4 and CCR10↑– T-cell leukemia/lymphoma [79] | ||
| CCL11 | CCR3 | CCR5↑– Tumor growth & Metastasis: Breast Cancer [64] | ||
| CCL13 | CCR1, CCR2, CCR3, CCR5 | CCR6↑– Tumor growth: Pancreatic cancer and colon cancer [123] | ||
| CCL14 | CCR1 | CCR7↑– Tumor growth: Lung cancer and melanoma [179] | ||
| CCL15 | CCR1, CCR3 | CCR9↑– Tumor growth: Prostate cancer and melanoma [123] | ||
| CCL16 | CCR1 | CCR10 and CCL27↑– Tumor growth: Melanoma [123] | ||
| CCL17 | CCR4 | CCR7-CCL21 axis↑– Metastasis: Breast cancer, NSCLC, colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, murine B16 melanoma, esophageal cell carcinoma and head and neck cancer [17,68–73] | ||
| CCL18 | Unknown | CCL22 and CCL28↑– Tumor growth and angiogenesis: Ovarian Cancer [109] | ||
| CCL19 | CCR7 | CCL22↑– Metastasis: Breast Cancer and Tumor growth: esophageal squamous cell cancer [115,116] | ||
| CCL20 | CCR6 | CCL17↑–Tumor growth: Gastric cancer [117] | ||
| CCL21 | CCR7 | |||
| CCL22 | CCR4 | |||
| CCL23 | CCR1 | |||
| CCL24 | CCR3 | |||
| CCL25 | CCR9 | |||
| CCL26 | CCR3 | |||
| CCL27 | CCR3, CCR2, CCR10 | |||
| CCL28 | CCR10, CCR3 | |||
| C chemokines | XCL1 | XCR1 | XCR1↑– Anti-tumor effect: Breast cancer [64] CXC3CL1↑–Anti-tumor effect: ovarian, gastric, pancreatic and lung cancer [64] CX3CL1mRNA↑– Lung adenocarcinoma patient (survival) and lung squamous cell carcinoma patient (no survival benefit) |
|
| XCL2 | XCR1 | |||
| CX3C chemokines | CX3CL1 | CX3CR1 | CX3CL1-CX3CR1 axis↑– Anti-tumor effect: colon cancer and HCC CX3CL1-CX3CR1 axis↑– Protumor effect: Leukemia, Prostate, Gastric and pancreatic cancer; Angiogenesis: Breast, liver, lung, Melanoma and Multiple myeloma; Metastasis: Renal cell carcinoma CX3CR1↑– Melanoma (anti-tumor effect) |
|