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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Nov 25.
Published in final edited form as: Addiction. 2021 Dec 5;117(5):1458–1471. doi: 10.1111/add.15746

Figure 2. Meta-analysis of maternal and paternal prenatal smoking, alcohol and caffeine consumption across the cohorts.

Figure 2

Note: Meta-analysis of smoking (a) and alcohol consumption (b) are based on mutually adjusted model. Metaanalysis of caffeine consumption (c) is based on adjusted model, because paternal caffeine consumption was not assessed in GenR. Heterogeneity between the cohorts is shown by computing I2 (see Methods and Supplementary Table S1 for more details).

The statistical difference between maternal and paternal associations for smoking exposure in ALSPAC was (PADHD=0.90; Phyp=0.91; Pina=0.34), in MoBa (PADHD=0.14; Phyp=0.04; Pina=0.22) and in GenR (PADHD=0.07; PHYP=0.79; PINA=0.10). The statistical difference between maternal and paternal associations for alcohol exposure in ALSPAC was (PADHD=0.001; PHYP=<0.001; PINA=0.006), in MoBa (PADHD=0.001; PHYP=0.005; PINA=0.002) and in GenR (PADHD=0.75; PHYP=0.10; PINA=0.63) and the statistical difference between maternal and paternal associations for caffeine exposure in ALSPAC was (PADHD=0.88; PHYP=0.99; PINA=0.68), in MoBa (PADHD=0.05; PHYP=<0.001; pINA=0.47).