Table 2. Multivariate logistic regression, problematic SMU (n = 222 532 in 44 countries).
| Pooled sample | Analyses by country | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B | SE | OR | Countries positive | Min. ORa | Max. ORa | Countries negative | Min. ORb | Max. ORb | |
| Survey mode (ref. = paper-and-pencil self-completion)c | |||||||||
| Digital self-completion | −0.026 | 0.024 | 0.974 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| Gender (ref. = boy) | |||||||||
| Girl | 0.189*** | 0.019 | 1.208 | 19 | 1.326 | 1.853 | 4 | 0.475 | 0.779 |
| Age (ref. = 11-year-old) | |||||||||
| 13-year-old | 0.394*** | 0.028 | 1.484 | 27 | 1.395 | 3.225 | 1 | 0.215 | 0.215 |
| 15-year-old | 0.477*** | 0.029 | 1.612 | 28 | 1.470 | 3.238 | 1 | 0.341 | 0.341 |
| Socio-economic status (ref. = low) | |||||||||
| Middle | −0.100*** | 0.023 | 0.905 | 1 | 2.939 | 2.939 | 4 | 0.576 | 0.683 |
| High | −0.023 | 0.028 | 0.977 | 1 | 1.547 | 1.547 | 5 | 0.503 | 0.682 |
SMU = social media use; B = logit coefficient; SE = standard error; OR = odds ratio; ref. = reference category;
***
P < 0.001; problematic SMU was defined as reporting six to nine problematic SMU criteria.
a
Minimum/maximum value of the OR across countries where a positive association was found (P < 0.05);
b
minimum/maximum value of the OR across countries where a negative association was found (P < 0.05);
c
the association between survey mode and problematic SMU was estimated across eight of 44 countries (n = 43 802), because there were only eight countries where both survey modes were employed.