. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jan 9.

Published in final edited form as: Addiction. 2021 Oct 24;117(3):784–795. doi: 10.1111/add.15709

Table 5. Summary table life satisfaction, psychosomatic complaints, and intensity of online communication by problematic SMU (n = 222 532 in 44 countries).

	Means					Effect size mean differences
	Mean	95% LL	95% UL	Observed range mean^a		β	SE	P	Countries^b	Observed range β^c
	Life satisfaction (mean = 7.73, SD = 2.03, min. = 0, max. = 10)
Non-problematic	7.79	7.79	7.80	6.67	8.56
Problematic	6.96	6.92	7.00	6.13	8.30	−0.395	0.011	< 0.001	40	−0.682	−0.193
	Psychosomatic complaints (mean = 2.08, SD = 0.90, min. = 1, max. = 5)
Non-problematic	2.03	2.03	2.04	1.60	2.39
Problematic	2.62	2.60	2.63	2.06	3.26	0.648	0.010	< 0.001	44	0.309	0.924
	Intensity of online communication (mean = 3.76, SD = 1.29, min. = 1, max. = 5)
Non-problematic	3.72	3.72	3.73	2.84	4.12
Problematic	4.15	4.13	4.17	2.33	4.45	0.313	0.009	< 0.001	41	0.163	0.635

SMU = social media use; LL = confidence interval lower limit; UL = confidence interval upper limit; β = STDY-standardized [i.e. B/standard deviation (Y)], controlled for gender, age and socio-economic status; SE = standard error.

Observed means across 44 countries;

number of countries where a significant association was observed in the same direction as in the pooled sample;

observed range STDY-standardized β across countries where a significant association was observed in the same direction as in the pooled sample, controlled for gender, age and socio-economic status.