Extended Data Fig. 8. Stress maps and hole opening locations near topological defects.

(a, b) Sketches of the two mechanisms of hole initiation: (a) stress dependent mechanism (model 1) and (b) strain rate dependent mechanism (model 2). (c-f) Comparisons of maps of hole opening locations near half-integer topological defects: (c, e) model 1 and (d, f) model 2. The black spots indicate the locations of opening holes. The 95th percentile is the value below 95% of cellular isotropic stress (or the junctional elongation rate) field frequency distribution falls. Domain size = 200μm. These simulations were generated for tension initial conditions (soft gel case, see Table 1 SI).