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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jan 24.
Published in final edited form as: Psychol Sci. 2021 Oct 27;32(11):1842–1855. doi: 10.1177/09567976211015942

Figure 1. Risky helping, risk, and helping task.

Figure 1

In the risky helping task (a) the decider (D) decides whether to help or not to help the receiver (R). In case the decider decides to help, helping is unsuccessful with probability p and both decider and receiver earn 0 monetary units (MU). With probability 1-p helping is successful, leading to an equal outcome of 13 MU for both. In the risk task (b), the decider decides between a safe option leading to a payoff of 15 MU and a risky option, leading to either a payoff of 0 MU with probability p or a payoff of 26 MU with probability 1-p. In the risk task, the receiver is not affected by the decider's decision. Thus, the social component of the risky helping task is removed. In the helping task (c), the decider decides whether to help or not to help the receiver. Across trials, helping leads to a sure outcome equal to the expected value of possible outcomes of the risky helping task. Thus, the risk component of the risky helping task is removed. In the actual task, the labels “help”, “not help”, “risky choice”, “safe choice” were replaced with neutral labels to avoid framing effects.