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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Feb 20.
Published in final edited form as: Am J Psychiatry. 2023 Jan 11;180(2):117–126. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.20220174

Figure 1. Forest plot depicting the study-average effects of child maltreatment on mental health from quasi-experimental studies.

Figure 1

Note. MREM = multi-level random-effects meta-analysis model. For clarity of presentation, the forest plot shows 1 effect size per study (reflecting the average of all individual effect sizes obtained from each study), rather than all 150 effect sizes used to derive the pooled MREM estimate. The average effect size per study and its variance was calculated using the MAd package,(87) assuming a correlation of 0.6 between multiple within-study effect sizes. The 156 effect sizes are presented in Table S9 of the Supplement. I2 for the MREM was 76.27, indicating that 76% of variation between effect sizes would remain if sampling error was eliminated.