Figure 3. Meta-analytic associations between child maltreatment and different mental health problems.

Note. k=number of studies (i.e., papers); n=number of participants across studies; ES=number of effect sizes; ADHD=attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Specific mental health outcomes were grouped into categories shown in the figure. Internalising problems includes internalising symptoms, internalising behavior, emotional symptoms, and trauma symptoms; conduct problems includes conduct disorder, conduct problems, antisocial, oppositional, or aggressive behavior, arrest or incarceration; externalising problems includes externalising symptoms or behavior; personality disorder includes borderline, paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal, histrionic, narcissistic, antisocial, avoidant, obsessive-compulsive and dependent personality disorders; psychopathology broad includes total psychopathology symptoms, the p-factor, any psychopathology disorder, and total behaviour problems (on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire). Outcomes assessed in only one study (bulimia (37) and substance use disorder (54)) were not included in the moderator analysis.