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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Feb 20.
Published in final edited form as: Am J Psychiatry. 2023 Jan 11;180(2):117–126. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.20220174

Figure 4. Meta-analytic associations between different types of child maltreatment and mental health problems.

Figure 4

Note. k=number of studies (i.e., papers); n=number of participants across studies; ES=number of effect sizes. Maltreatment includes assessment of multiple subtypes of abuse and/or neglect; victimisation includes assessment of maltreatment alongside other forms of victimisation (e.g., bullying); ACEs includes assessment of maltreatment alongside other forms of adverse childhood experiences.