Table 1. Moderation of the quasi-experimental association between child maltreatment and mental health by assessment characteristics.

Moderator	k	ES	Cohen’s d (95% CI)
Retrospective vs. prospective measures of maltreatment
Retrospective measures	23	109	0.32 (0.24-0.39)
Prospective measures	12	47	0.29 (0.19-0.39)
Prospective measures (excluding ERA)	9	20	0.25 (0.15-0.36)
Shared rater vs. different sources
Shared rater (self-reports)	26	115	0.32 (0.25-0.39)
Different sources	9	41	0.28 (0.17-0.39)
Different sources (excluding ERA)	6	14	0.23 (0.10-0.35)
Cross-sectional vs. longitudinal assessment
Cross-sectional	21	103	0.28 (0.19-0.36)
Longitudinal	13	53	0.36 (0.25-0.46)
Longitudinal (excluding ERA)	10	26	0.33 (0.21-0.44)
Longitudinal (controlling for earlier psychopathology)	8	37	0.34 (0.16-0.52)

Note. k=number of studies (i.e., papers); ES=number of effect sizes.