Table 1.
City demographic and socio-economic characteristics by quartiles of women’s labor force participation score (n = 286 cities).
| Total |
Women’s Labor Force Participation Score |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (% of sample) or mean (SD) | <P25 | P25–P75 | >P75 | p-value | |
| Overall number of cities n (%) | 286 | 71 (24.8%) | 144 (50.3%) | 71 (24.8%) | |
| Number of cities by country n (col%) | |||||
| Argentina | 33 (11.5%) | – | 26 (18.1%) | 7 (9.9%) | |
| Brazil | 143 (50.4%) | – | 79 (54.9%) | 64 (90.1%) | |
| Chile | 21 (7.3%) | 21 (29.6%) | – | – | |
| Colombia | 16 (5.6%) | 5 (7.0%) | 11 (7.6%) | – | |
| Costa Rica | 1 (0.3%) | – | 1 (0.7%) | – | |
| México | 61 (21.3%) | 42 (59.2%) | 19 (13.2%) | – | |
| Panama | 3 (1.0%) | – | 3 (2.1%) | – | |
| Peru | 8 (2.8%) | 3 (4.2%) | 5 (3.5%) | – | |
| Socio-economic predictors by domain, mean (SD) | |||||
| Living conditions | |||||
| % of households with piped water in the dwelling | 89.8 (11.6) | 81.5 (15.6) | 92.1 (8.6) | 93..3 (7.3) | <0.0001 |
| % of households with overcrowding in the house a | 4.8 (3.9) | 8.0 (4.4) | 4.2 (3.3) | 2.9 (2.2) | <0.0001 |
| % of population 15–17 attending school | 80.3 (7.5) | 73.9 (8.9) | 81.8 (6.4) | 83.6 (3.4) | <0.0001 |
| Score | −0.04 (0.7) | −0.61 (0.7) | 0.09 (0.6) | 0.26 (0.3) | <0.0001 |
| Service provision | |||||
| % of households with water connected to municipal network | 90.0 (10.6) | 91.1(9.5) | 91.4 (8.0) | 85.8 (14.6) | <0.0001 |
| % of households with sewage system connected to municipal network | 70.0 (25.2) | 80.9 (20.7) | 71.4 (23.1) | 56.2 (27.3) | <0.0001 |
| Score | −0.04 (0.4) | 0.09 (0.3) | 0.003 (0.3) | −0.26 (0.4) | <0.0001 |
| Women Empowerment measures, mean (SD) | |||||
| Education and labor force participation compared to men | |||||
| Ratio female/male in education achievement for complete high school level or above b | 1.03 (0.1) | 0.91 (0.1) | 1.03 (0.1) | 1.14 (0.1) | <0.0001 |
| Ratio female/male in education achievement for complete university or above c | 1.07 (0.2) | 0.76 (0.1) | 1.08 (0.2) | 1.34 (0.2) | <0.0001 |
| Labor force participation among women d | 49.8 (9.7) | 37.8 (4.6) | 51.7 (6.9) | 58.1 (5.9) | <0.0001 |
| Ratio female/male in labor force participatione | 0.66 (0.1) | 0.51 (0.1) | 0.68 (0.1) | 0.75 (0.1) | <0.0001 |
| Education achievement among women | |||||
| % of women 25+ who completed high school or above f | 38.4 (7.4) | 32.8 (8.0) | 40.3 (5.8) | 40.3 (6.5) | <0.0001 |
| % of women 25+ who completed university or above g | 12.7 (4.7) | 9.4 (5.0) | 14.3 (4.3) | 12.9 (3.6) | <0.0001 |
| Score | 0.09 (0.4) | −0.24 (0.3) | 0.22 (0.3) | 0.15 (0.3) | <0.0001 |
| MMR1 coverageh, mean % (SD) | 91.3 (13.8) | 94.3 (6.2) | 90.5 (15.0) | 89.9 (16.1) | 0.09 |
| Overall Infant mortality ratei, mean (SD) | 11.2 (2.8) | 10.9 (3.4) | 11.0 (2.2) | 12.0 (2.8) | 0.01 |
aOvercrowding is defined as more than 3 people per room, excluding kitchen and bathroom in a household. bDescribes the ratio of the female to the male proportion of the population aged 25 or above who completed high school or above. cDescribes the ratio of the female to the male proportion of the population aged 25 or above who completed university or above. dDescribes % of women ≥15 years who are part of the labor force among all women ≥15 years (employed or unemployed). eDescribes the ratio between female labor force participation rate and male labor force participation rate in population older than 15 years of age. fDescribes the % female population of 25 years or above with complete high school or above among overall female population of 25 years or above. gDescribes the % female population of 25 years or above with complete university level or above among overall female population of 25 years or above. hDescribes the % of children at age 1 who received the first dose of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine among overall population at age of 1. iInfant Mortality rate = number of infant deaths per 1000 live births.