Table 2.

Estimated percent differences in IMRs associated with city- and country-level predictors (n = 286 cities).

	Model 1		Model2		Model 3		Model 4		Model 5
	%	95%	%	95%	%	95%	%	95%	%	95%
	Diff	CI	Diff	CI	Diff	CI	Diff	CI	Diff	CI
Women’s labor force participation scorea	−5.9	−20.5 11.3					−4.5	−17.5 10.4	−6.1	−11.1 −0.8
Educational attainment among women scoreb			−9.9	−15.1 −4.3			−9.4	−17.5 −0.5	−0.7	−7.0 6.2
CLE scale 2015c					16.8	1.7 34.3	20.2	3.0 40.4	16.6	3.6 31.4
Living conditions scored									−11.9	−18.5 −4.9
Services provision scoree									−10.6	−15.8 −5.2
MMR1 coveragef									−0.1	−0.2 0.1
Variance	Estimate	SE	Estimate	SE	Estimate	SE	Estimate	SE	Estimate	SE
Country intercept	0.05	0.02	0.04	0.02	0.02	0.01	0.03	0.01	0.02	0.004

Null model variance, mean (SD) = 0.04 (0.02).Note: Bold numbers are indicating statistically significant results for alpha level <0.05. Estimates corresponds to percent differences in IMRs for 1 SD higher scores of women’s labor force participation, women’s educational attainment, living conditions, and services provision; and for 1% higher MMR1 coverage and 1 point-higher CLE scale. ^aWomen’s labor force participation score includes the female to the male proportion of the population aged 25 or above who completed high school or above; the female to the male proportion of the population aged 25 or above who completed university degree or above; % of women ≥15 years who are part of the labor force among all women ≥15 years (employed or unemployed); ratio between female labor force participation rate and male labor force participation rate in population older than 15 years of age. ^bEducational attainment among women score includes % female population with high school level or above among female population aged 25 years or above, % of female population with complete university degree or above among female population aged 25 years or above. ^cCountry law enforcement (CLE) scale is defined as the degree to which countries have and enforce laws supporting women’s rights, including education, family, and physical security. Scale ranges 0–4: Scale reference: (0) The laws are well enforced by the government; and is a high priority of the government; (1) laws are mostly enforced, and the government appears to be fairly proactive; (2) spotty enforcement of laws; the government may or may not signal its interest; (3) little effective enforcement; improving the situation of women appears to be a low priority for the government; (4) virtually no enforcement of laws, or such laws do not even exist. ^dLiving conditions Score includes % of households with piped water in the dwelling, % of households with overcrowding (3+ per room) in the house, and % of population 15–17 attending school. ^eServices provision Score includes: % of households with water connected to municipal network, and % of households with sewage system connected to municipal network. ^fMMR1 coverage represents the percentage of children at age 1 who received the first dose of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine among overall population at age of 1.