Table 3.

Estimated percent differences in IMRs for city and country-level predictors by country’s GDP/capita.

	Countries below median GDPg			Countries above median GDPh			Test for interaction*
	n = 168 cities			N = 118 cities
	% difference	95% CI		% difference	95% CI		p-value
Women’s labor force participation scorea	−5.8	−10.0	–1.4	−14.6	−17.6	−11.5	0.26
Educational attainment among women scoreb	−3.6	−6.3	–0.9	7.8	−3.1	20.0	0.02
CLE score 2015c	34.0	−13.9	108.5	13.7	−29.0	82.0	0.32
Living conditions scored	−15.1	−22.0	–7.4	−12.9	−16.7	−9.0	0.03
Services provision scoree	−12.6	−13.5	–11.7	4.9	−5.1	16.0	<0.0001
MMR1 coveragef	−0.1	−0.1	0.01	−0.2	−0.9	0.6	0.91

Note:Bold numbers are indicating statistically significant results for alpha level <0.05. Estimates corresponds to percent differences in IMRs for 1 SD higher scores of women’s labor force participation, women’s educational attainment, living conditions, and services provision; and for 1% higher MMR1 coverage and 1 point-higher CLE scale. *Each interaction was tested separately along with the full model. ^aWomen’s labor force participation score includes the female to the male proportion of the population aged 25 or above who completed high school or above; the female to the male proportion of the population aged 25 or above who completed university degree or above; % of women ≥15 years who are part of the labor force among all women ≥15 years (employed or unemployed); ratio between female labor force participation rate and male labor force participation rate in population older than 15 years of age. ^bEducational attainment among women score includes % female population with high school level or above among female population aged 25 years or above, % of female population with complete university degree or above among female population aged 25 years or above. ^cCountry law enforcement (CLE) scale is defined as the degree to which countries have and enforce laws supporting women’s rights, including education, family, and physical security. Scale ranges 0–4: Scale reference: (0) The laws are well enforced by the government; and is a high priority of the government; (1) laws are mostly enforced, and the government appears to be fairly proactive; (2) spotty enforcement of laws; the government may or may not signal its interest; (3) little effective enforcement; improving the situation of women appears to be a low priority for the government; (4) virtually no enforcement of laws, or such laws do not even exist. ^dLiving conditions Score includes % of households with piped water in the dwelling, % of households with overcrowding (3+ per room) in the house, and % of population 15–17 attending school. ^eServices provision Score includes: % of households with water connected to municipal network, and % of households with sewage system connected to municipal network. ^fMMR1 coverage represents the percentage of children at age 1 who received the first dose of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine among overall population at age of 1. ^gCountries with GDP/capita below the median (15,530.7 US$) are Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, and Peru. ^hCountries with GDP/capita above the median (15,530.7 US$) are Argentina, Chile, Mexico, and Panama.