. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Mar 4.

Published in final edited form as: Am J Psychiatry. 2015 Jun 18;172(12):1215–1223. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.14101298

Table 1. Demographic and Clinical Variables for Adolescents With Subthreshold or Clinical Depression and Healthy Matched Comparison Subjects at Baseline and at 2-Year Follow-Up.

Assessment Point and Measure	Group and Disposition						Comparison
Baseline	1. Healthy matched^a (N=123)		2. Subthreshold depression (N=101)		3. Clinical depression (N=22)		1 versus 2	1 versus 3	2 versus 3
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	p	p	p
Age (years)	14.4	0.4	14.5	0.4	14.4	0.3	0.329	0.794	0.753
Pubertal status^b	3.7	0.6	3.8	0.6	4	0.5	0.240	0.055	0.205
General psychopathology^c	8.4	3.8	13.9	4.7	16.4	4.5	<0.001	<0.001	0.025
	N	%	N	%	N	%	p	p	p
Female	90	73	66	65	19	86	0.205	0.187	0.053
Family history of depression^d	3	3	7	8	4	24	0.095	0.001	0.067
Any conduct disorder	4	3	13	13	4	18	0.007	0.005	0.513
Any anxiety disorder	5	4	33	33	17	77	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Two-year follow-up	1. Remained healthy (unmatched) (N=902)		2. New subthreshold depression (N=68)		3. New clinical depression (N=29)		1 versus 2	1 versus 3	2 versus 3
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	p	p	p
Age (years)	16.4	0.4	16.4	0.4	16.5	0.5	0.557	0.199	0.487
Pubertal status at baseline^b	3.6	0.7	3.7	0.6	4.1	0.7	0.114	<0.001	0.012
General psychopathology^c	8.9	4.6	11.9	5.1	16.6	5.4	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
	N	%	N	%	N	%	p	p	p
Female	446	49	43	63	24	83	0.026	<0.001	0.057
Family history of depression^d	59	8	7	11	3	11	0.350	0.492	0.962
Any conduct disorder	79	9	10	15	10	34	0.098	<0.001	0.028
Any anxiety disorder	107	12	16	24	16	55	0.005	<0.001	0.002

Comparisons with the unmatched healthy group (N=1,453) revealed that adolescents in the subthreshold and clinical depression groups scored higher in pubertal status and general psychopathology, were more likely to be female, had higher rates of anxiety disorders, and in the case of clinical depression, had higher rates of family history of depression.

Pubertal status was assessed with the Pubertal Development Scale.

General psychopathology was assessed with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (total score).

Information about family history of depression was available for 1,365 individuals (87% of the sample).