Table 1. Clinical Characteristics in Adolescents With Subthreshold Depression Compared With Controls at Baseline and Follow-Up.
| Characteristic | Baseline | Follow-Up | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| sDep n = 119 | Controls n = 461 | Statistic 1, n = 580 | p | sDep n = 76 | Controls n = 275 | Statistic 1, n = 351 | p | ||||||||||
| n | % | n | % | χ2 | n | % | n | % | χ2 | ||||||||
| Gender (female) | 78 | 65.55 | 303 | 65.73 | 0.00 | 1 | 53 | 69.74 | 192 | 69.82 | 0.00 | 1 | |||||
| Handedness (right-handed) | 99 | 83.19 | 406 | 88.07 | 1.77 | .18 | 62 | 81.58 | 244 | 88.73 | 2.12 | .15 | |||||
| Parental history of depression | 8 | 6.72 | 30 | 6.51 | 0.00 | 1 | 4 | 5.26 | 17 | 6.18 | 0.00 | .98 | |||||
| Nonwhite ethnicity | 23 | 13.33 | 41 | 8.89 | 9.45 | .002** | 6 | 7.89 | 21 | 7.64 | 0.00 | 1 | |||||
| Subthreshold depression at age 16 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 19 | 25.00 | 26 | 9.45 | 11.52 | <.001*** | |||||
| Depression (ADRS ≥ 6) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 18 | 23.68 | 12 | 4.36 | 26.02 | <.001*** | |||||
| Self-harm since age 14 y | - | - | - | - | - | - | 23 | 30.26 | 27 | 9.82 | 18.09 | <.001*** | |||||
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | F1,570 | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | F1,341 | ||||||||
| Age, y | 14.45 | 0.36 | 14.40 | 0.41 | 2.40 | .12 | 16.49 | 0.54 | 16.45 | 1.14 | 0.04 | .85 | |||||
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | F1,569 | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | F1,340 | ||||||||
| Pubertal status (PDS score) | 3.01 | 0.51 | 2.95 | 0.51 | 0.93 | .34 | 3.46 | 0.34 | 3.44 | 0.40 | 0.02 | .88 | |||||
| SDQ impact score | 1.24 | 1.83 | 0.13 | 0.59 | 99.18 | <.001*** | 1.09 | 1.73 | 0.34 | 0.95 | 22.37 | <.001*** | |||||
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | U | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | U | ||||||||
| NEO-FFI | |||||||||||||||||
| Neuroticism | 28.97 | 7.67 | 21.03 | 6.73 | 12,219 | <.001*** | 27.38 | 7.17 | 20.96 | 7.50 | 9,736 | <.001*** | |||||
| Extraversion | 28.05 | 6.63 | 30.92 | 5.39 | 34,209 | <.001*** | 27.66 | 6.21 | 30.37 | 5.81 | 22,248 | .007** | |||||
| Openness | 26.29 | 6.61 | 26.41 | 5.62 | 28,002 | .73 | 27.88 | 6.29 | 27.47 | 5.87 | 17,351 | .46 | |||||
| Agreeableness | 26.66 | 5.43 | 30.79 | 4.94 | 39,419 | <.001*** | 27.51 | 4.91 | 31.43 | 5.25 | 25,043 | <.001*** | |||||
| Conscientiousness | 26.64 | 7.26 | 28.86 | 6.69 | 32,500 | .002** | 26.80 | 7.88 | 29.72 | 6.96 | 21,941 | .002** | |||||
| SURPS | |||||||||||||||||
| Hopelessness | 14.80 | 3.82 | 12.45 | 2.63 | 17,555 | <.001*** | 14.21 | 4.11 | 12.52 | 2.91 | 13,428 | <.001*** | |||||
| Anxiety-sensitivity | 11.87 | 2.52 | 11.08 | 2.28 | 22,921 | .005** | 11.57 | 2.77 | 10.95 | 2.38 | 15,944 | .06 | |||||
| Impulsivity | 13.08 | 2.31 | 11.52 | 2.01 | 17,035 | <.001*** | 12.03 | 2.03 | 10.87 | 2.04 | 12,466 | <.001*** | |||||
| Sensation-seeking | 16.09 | 2.99 | 15.60 | 3.06 | 25,225 | .17 | 13.86 | 2.63 | 13.72 | 2.73 | 17,836 | .80 | |||||
| LEQ total score | −2.09 | 4.68 | −0.54 | 4.30 | 32,504 | .002** | −1.80 | 4.93 | −0.27 | 4.46 | 19,630 | .13 | |||||
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | F1,574 | |||||||||||||
| Brain tissue | |||||||||||||||||
| Gray matter (cm3) | 743.62 | 55.81 | 749.21 | 61.49 | 3.41 | .065 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||||
| White matter (cm3) | 467.42 | 38.60 | 474.44 | 41.21 | 11.51 | <.001*** | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||||
| Cerebrospinal fluid (cm3) | 367.95 | 36.57 | 364.24 | 40.10 | 13.00 | <.001*** | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||||
| Total intracranial volume (cm3) | 1,5791 | 11 | 1,588 | 126 | 0.21 | .64 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||||
Note: ADRS = Adolescent Depression Rating Scale; F = analysis of variance F value; LEQ = Life-Events Questionnaire; NEO-FFI = NEO Five-Factor Inventory; PDS = Pubertal Development Scale; sDep = adolescents with subthreshold-depression; SDQ = Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire; SURPS = Substance Use Risk Profile Scale; U = Mann–Whitney–Wilcoxon U value.
*
p ≤ 0.05;
**
p ≤ 0.01;
***
p ≤ .001.