Table 3. Description of co-benefits classes and city characteristics by class.
| Class Number | Class 1 | Class 2 | Class 3 | p-Value * |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Co-benefits class name | Positive co-benefits | Mixed | Negative co-benefits | |
| Description of co-benefits class | Positive health & environmental co-benefits, except PM2.5 | High NO2 & carbon footprint, high hypertension intermediate mortality, diabetes and obesity, low PM2.5 | Negative health & environmental co-benefits, except PM2.5 and hypertension | |
| City characteristics | p50 (iqr) | p50 (iqr) | p50 (iqr) | |
| Number of cities | 56 | 61 | 91 | |
| Total population (hab) | 347,743.5 (451,903) | 611,421 (1,373,158) | 371,021.6 (610,151.4) | 0.019 |
| Population density (hab/km2) | 13,075.6 (6380.5) | 5755.3 (2966.6) | 6077.6 (2003.1) | <0.001 |
| ≥65 years (%) | 10.2 (3.1) | 12 (3.8) | 9.5 (1.9) | <0.001 |
| Females (%) | 52.6 (2.3) | 52.8 (1.4) | 52.4 (1.5) | 0.117 |
| Social Environment Index | 0.3 (0.8) | 0.3 (0.6) | 0 (1) | 0.045 |
| Country Argentina | 0% | 52.50% | 0% | <0.001 |
| Brazil | 1.80% | 42.60% | 0% | |
| Colombia | 55.40% | 0% | 0% | |
| Costa Rica | 0% | 1.60% | 0% | |
| El Salvador | 0% | 3.30% | 1.10% | |
| Guatemala | 1.80% | 0% | 0% | |
| Mexico | 0% | 0% | 98.90% | |
| Peru | 41.10% | 0% | 0% | |
| Environmental outcomes | ||||
| Lack of greenness (1-NDVI) | 0.2 (0.3) | 0.2 (0.1) | 0.2 (0.2) | 0.468 |
| PM2.5 (μg/m3) | 18.9 (7.9) | 14.2 (6.4) | 16.3 (8.1) | <0.001 |
| NO2 (ppb) | 0.2 (0.1) | 0.3 (0.3) | 0.3 (0.4) | <0.001 |
| Carbon footprint (CO2 emissions/hab) | 2.6 (0.5) | 4.5 (1.8) | 4.2 (0.5) | <0.001 |
| Health outcomes (age adjusted) | ||||
| NCDs mortality | 401 (127.5) | 489.2 (73.2) | 606.3 (76.2) | <0.001 |
| Non-intentional injuries mortality | 38.5 (18.8) | 42.2 (14.8) | 45.5 (11.5) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 7.4 (1.8) | 14.1 (2.1) | 10.7(1.6) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 3.8 (1.1) | 6.5 (2) | 8.8 (1.1) | <0.001 |
| Obesity | 18.1 (7.9) | 21.3 (3.2) | 33.6 (6.3) | <0.001 |
*
Chi2 test for categorical variables, Kruskal Wallis test for continuous variables, comparing whether proportions or medians are similar across groups.