Table 1. Clinical and neurocognitive outcome estimated marginal means at post-treatment and follow-up, fixed-effect, and simple-effect statistics.
| EMM Post-treatment | EMM Follow-up | Fixed effects | Simple effects | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sham | Active | Sham | Active | Group | Time | Group × Time | Post-treatment | Follow-up | ||||||||||
| M | (SE) | M | (SE) | M | (SE) | M | (SE) | F | p | F | p | F | p | F | p | F | p | |
| A. Primary clinical outcome | ||||||||||||||||||
| ADHD RS Total (P) | 28.7 | 1.48 | 30.6 | 1.48 | 32.7 | 1.53 | 33.2 | 1.48 | 0.48 | .49 | 8.44 | .005* | 0.37 | .55 | 0.84 | .36 | 0.06 | .80 |
| B. Secondary clinical outcomes | ||||||||||||||||||
| Conners 3P ADHD Index (P) | 11.7 | 0.76 | 11.8 | 0.76 | 12.0 | 0.78 | 12.1 | 0.77 | 0.01 | .93 | 0.20 | .66 | 0.001 | .98 | 0.004 | .95 | 0.008 | .93 |
| ARI (P) | 0.63 | 0.07 | 0.83 | 0.07 | 0.91 | 0.07 | 0.81 | 0.07 | 0.34 | .56 | 6.50 | .013 | 7.73 | .007a* | 4.04 | .046* | 1.03 | .31 |
| ARI (C) | 0.63 | 0.06 | 0.63 | 0.06 | 0.63 | 0.06 | 0.63 | 0.06 | 0.03 | .86 | 0.28 | .60 | 0.031 | .86 | 0.063 | .80 | <.001 | .99 |
| MEWS (C) | 16.4 | 1.01 | 15.2 | 1.04 | 15.2 | 1.04 | 13.5 | 1.02 | 1.78 | .19 | 2.32 | .13 | 0.06 | .82 | 0.75 | .39 | 1.32 | .25 |
| CIS (P) | 18.4 | 1.19 | 21.0 | 1.19 | -- | -- | -- | -- | 2.42 | .12 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| WREMB-R (P) | 17.2 | 0.95 | 19.8 | 0.95 | -- | -- | -- | -- | 3.66 | .06 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Side effects (P) | 12.5 | 1.08 | 12.5 | 1.08 | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0.22 | .64 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Adverse effects (P) | 16.7 | 0.56 | 15.2 | 0.56 | -- | -- | -- | -- | 3.75 | .06 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| C. Secondary cognitive outcomes | ||||||||||||||||||
| Go/no-go probability of inhibition | 55.0 | 2.15 | 48.5 | 2.01 | 50.6 | 2.1 | 54.5 | 2.03 | 0.12 | .73 | 0.58 | .45 | 8.78 | .004b* | 4.45 | .037* | 2.12 | .15 |
| Simon incompatibility RT effect | 61.1 | 3.91 | 62.1 | 3.66 | 52.0 | 3.82 | 59.6 | 3.7 | 1.79 | .19 | 1.89 | .17 | 1.12 | .29 | 0.24 | .63 | 2.76 | .10 |
| CPT omission errors | 9.46 | 1.24 | 10.6 | 1.16 | 10.6 | 1.16 | 12.1 | 1.17 | 0.95 | .33 | 1.76 | .19 | 0.03 | .87 | 0.82 | .37 | 0.43 | .51 |
| CPT commission errors | 1.37 | 0.30 | 1.53 | 0.28 | 1.42 | 0.29 | 1.76 | 0.28 | 0.09 | .76 | 1.96 | .17 | 0.67 | .42 | 0.03 | .86 | 0.46 | .50 |
| MCT omission errors | 29.5 | 2.19 | 32.1 | 2.07 | 32.1 | 2.15 | 31.2 | 2.09 | 0.11 | .74 | 0.28 | .60 | 1.29 | .26 | 0.10 | .76 | 0.72 | .40 |
| MCT commission errors | 5.99 | 0.70 | 5.13 | 0.66 | 4.63 | 0.69 | 4.36 | 0.67 | 0.34 | .56 | 0.10 | .76 | 0.001 | .97 | 0.28 | .60 | 0.22 | .64 |
| WCST perseverative errors | 6.22 | 0.54 | 7.7 | 0.51 | 6.07 | 0.53 | 7.23 | 0.52 | 0.27 | .61 | 8.93 | .004c* | 0.17 | .68 | 0.03 | .86 | 0.42 | .52 |
| WCST non-perseverative errors | 7.14 | 0.81 | 9.64 | 0.78 | 7.72 | 0.80 | 8.63 | 0.78 | 0.02 | .89 | 8.81 | .004d* | 0.34 | .56 | 0.05 | .83 | 0.18 | .67 |
| Working memory total score | 28.2 | 1.94 | 26.5 | 1.83 | 30.5 | 1.91 | 27.5 | 1.85 | 0.56 | .46 | 2.47 | .12 | 0.18 | .67 | 0.56 | .46 | 2.47 | .12 |
| Composite response prematurity | 2.63 | 0.35 | 3.5 | 0.33 | 2.97 | 0.34 | 2.7 | 0.33 | 1.34 | .25 | 2.69 | .11 | 5.58 | .02 | 5.65 | .019* | 0.18 | .68 |
| Composite processing speed | 375.0 | 4.88 | 382.6 | 4.63 | 362.5 | 4.81 | 381.5 | 4.68 | 1.16 | .29 | 16.9 | <.001e* | 4.25 | .04 | 0.002 | .97 | 3.60 | .06 |
| Composite response variability | 0.28 | 0.01 | 0.29 | 0.01 | 0.28 | 0.01 | 0.28 | 0.01 | 0.49 | .48 | 1.35 | .25 | 3.82 | .05 | 3.00 | .09 | 0.27 | .60 |
Abbreviations. EMM = estimated marginal mean; M = mean; SE = standard error; ADHD-RS = ADHD Rating Scale; ARI = Affective Reactivity Index, MEWS=Mind Excessively Wandering Scale, CIS = Columbia Impairment Scale; WREMB-R = Weekly Rating of Evening and Morning Behavior-Revised; (P/C) = (Parent/Children); CPT=continuous performance task; MCT=Mackworth clock vigilance task; WCST=Wisconsin card sorting task. All p-values are presented uncorrected for multiple comparison. False discovery rate correction for multiple comparison on the fixed effects yielded p FDR = a.028; b.048; c.024; d.016; e.012. Simple-effect p-values were uncorrected.