Table 2. Summary of findings on the associations between prenatal pesticide exposure and the four most frequently reported outcomes (birth weight, birth length, low birth weight, and preterm birth).

	Most frequently reported outcomes in included studies
	Birth weight				Birth length				Low birth weight				Preterm birth
	Direction	Effect estimate	Refs		Direction	Effect estimate	Refs		Direction	Effect estimate	Refs		Direction	Effect estimate	Refs
Organochlorines	Positive	0.008 to 0.25 SMD	(Arrebola et al., 2016; Bravo et al., 2019; Steinholt et al., 2020; Xu et al., 2017)		Positive	0.21 to 0.25 SMD	(Bravo et al., 2019; Steinholt et al., 2020)		Positive	–	No studies		Positive	No estimate reported	(Cioroiu et al., 2010)
	Negative	-0.009 SMD; -5.81 to -55.14 g	(Anand & Taneja, 2020; X. Yang et al., 2020)		Negative	-0.25 to -0.32 SMD	(Steinholt et al., 2020)		Negative	–	No studies		Negative	No estimate reported	(Cioroiu et al., 2010)
	Null	-32.9 g to 6.09 g	(Abdel Hamid et al., 2020; Fang et al., 2019; H. Guo et al., 2014; Van Tung et al., 2016)		Null	-0.37 to 0.358 cm	(Abdel Hamid et al., 2020; Anand & Taneja, 2020; Arrebola et al., 2016; Fang et al., 2019; Xu et al., 2017)		Null	8 to 13.1 pp	(Toichuev et al., 2018; Van Tung et al., 2016)		Null	–	No studies
Organophosphates	Positive	–	No studies		Positive	–	No studies		Positive	RR 2.13 6 pp	(Jaacks et al., 2019; Silvia et al., 2020)		Positive	RR 1.44 to RR 3.57 6 pp	(Jaacks et al., 2019; Silvia et al., 2020)
	Negative	-170±60 g	(Jaacks et al., 2019)		Negative	-0.372 cm	(Cecchi et al., 2021)		Negative	–	No studies		Negative	–	No studies
	Null	-116 to 135 g	(Cecchi et al., 2021; Hanke et al., 2003; Jaacks et al., 2019; Jurewicz et al., 2005; Liu et al., 2016; Naksen et al., 2015; Silvia et al., 2020; P. Wang et al., 2012; X. Yang et al., 2020)		Null	-0.47 to 0.12 cm	(Liu et al., 2016; Naksen et al., 2015; Silvia et al., 2020; P. Wang et al., 2012)		Null	OR 0.48 2.63 to 6.29 pp	(Jurewicz et al., 2005; Moreno-Banda et al., 2009)		Null	RR 1.17 to RR 0.95 1.63 to 5.8 pp	(Cecchi et al., 2021; Jaacks et al., 2019; Jurewicz et al., 2005)
Pyrethroids	Positive	–	No studies		Positive	–	No studies		Positive	–	No studies		Positive	–	No studies
	Negative	-96.76 to -233.3 g	(Ding et al., 2015; Hanke et al., 2003)		Negative	–	No studies		Negative	–	No studies		Negative	–	No studies
	Null	29 to 102 g	(Jaacks et al., 2019; Jurewicz et al., 2005)		Null	0.13 to 0.25 cm	(Ding et al., 2015)		Null	RR 0.78 2.63 to 6.29 pp	(Jaacks et al., 2019; Jurewicz et al., 2005)		Null	RR 0.99 1.63 to 5.8 pp	(Jaacks et al., 2019; Jurewicz et al., 2005)
Carbamates	Positive	–	No studies		Positive	–	No studies		Positive	–	No studies		Positive	6 pp	(Silvia et al., 2020)
	Negative	–	No studies		Negative	-0.372 cm	(Cecchi et al., 2021)		Negative	–	No studies		Negative	–	No studies
	Null	-3.594 to 0.23 g	(Cecchi et al., 2021; Hanke et al., 2003; Silvia et al., 2020; X. Yang et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2018)		Null	-0.155 cm	(Zhang et al., 2018)		Null	No estimate reported	(Cecchi et al., 2021)		Null	No estimate reported	(Cecchi et al., 2021)
Chlorophenols non-specific to organochlorines	Positive	–	No studies		Positive	–	No studies		Positive	–	No studies		Null	–	No studies
	Negative	-30 to -37 g	(J. Guo et al., 2016)		Null	-0.01 to -0.14 cm	(Guo et al., 2016)		Negative	–	No studies		Null	–	No studies
	Null	–	No studies		Null	–	No studies		Null	–	No studies		Null	–	No studies

Abbreviations: OR; odds ratio; pp, percentage points; Refs, references; RR, relative risk; SMD, standardised mean difference.