Table 2.
Global age-standardised rates (per 100,000) of deaths and DALYs from chronic respiratory diseases attributed to risk factors in both sexes combined with percent change.
| Measure | Year | Risk factor | CRDs | Cause specific |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| COPD | Pneumoconiosis | Asthma | ||||
| Deaths | % Changea | Environmental/occupational risks | −52.1 (−58.1 to −42.3) | −52.0 (−58.2 to −42.2) | −53.3 (−60.9 to −38.6) | −55.1 (−62.3 to −45.6) |
| Air pollution | −57.4 (−64.3 to −47.8) | −57.4 (−64.3 to −47.8) | ||||
| Particulate matter pollution | −61.8 (−68.4 to −52.2) | −61.8 (−68.4 to −52.2) | ||||
| Ambient particulate matter pollution | −12.1 (−39.9 to 32.0) | −12.1 (−39.9 to 32.0) | ||||
| Household air pollution from solid fuels | −80.9 (−85.8 to −74.1) | −80.9 (−85.8 to −74.1) | ||||
| Ambient ozone pollution | −21.6 (−31.6 to −6.3) | −21.6 (−31.6 to −6.3) | ||||
| Non-optimal temperature | −49.7 (−57.1 to −35.2) | −49.7 (−57.1 to −35.2) | ||||
| Occupational risks | −46.9 (−53.8 to −35.2) | −45.9 (−53.0 to −34.2) | −53.3 (−60.9 to −38.6) | −55.1 (−62.3 to −45.6) | ||
| Occupational carcinogens | −52.0 (−61.1 to −33.5) | −52.0 (−61.1 to −33.5) | ||||
| Occupational exposure to asbestos | 15.6 (−8.5 to 33.6) | 15.6 (−8.5 to 33.6) | ||||
| Occupational exposure to silica | −58.9 (−67.9 to −39.4) | −58.9 (−67.9 to −39.4) | ||||
| Occupational asthmagens | −55.1 (−62.3 to −45.6) | −55.1 (−62.3 to −45.6) | ||||
| Occupational particulate matter, gases, and fumes | −46.1 (−53.1 to −34.2) | −45.9 (−53 to −34.2) | −56.5 (−63.5 to −40.9) | |||
| Behavioral risks | −45.7 (−51.9 to −37.2) | −45.0 (−51.3 to −36.2) | −62.5 (−69.5 to −54.8) | |||
| Tobacco | −45.7 (−51.9 to −37.2) | −45.0 (−51.3 to −36.2) | −62.5 (−69.5 to −54.8) | |||
| Smoking | −44.9 (−51.4 to −36.7) | −44.0 (−50.5 to −35.8) | −62.5 (−69.5 to −54.8) | |||
| Secondhand smoke | −51.8 (−58.7 to −38.0) | −51.8 (−58.7 to −38.0) | ||||
| Metabolic risks | −20.1 (−35.6 to 5.2) | −20.1 (−35.6 to 5.2) | ||||
| High body-mass index | −20.1 (−35.6 to 5.2) | −20.1 (−35.6 to 5.2) | ||||
| 2019 | Environmental/occupational risks | 24.2 (20.6 to 27.5) | 23.5 (20.0 to 26.8) | 0.3 (0.3 to 0.3) | 0.4 (0.3 to 0.5) | |
| Air pollution | 16.8 (13.3 to 20.3) | 16.8 (13.3 to 20.3) | ||||
| Particulate matter pollution | 14.0 (10.9 to 17.4) | 14.0 (10.9 to 17.4) | ||||
| Ambient particulate matter pollution | 9.0 (7.1 to 11.1) | 9.0 (7.1 to 11.1) | ||||
| Household air pollution from solid fuels | 5.1 (3.0 to 7.8) | 5.1 (3.0 to 7.8) | ||||
| Ambient ozone pollution | 4.7 (2.2 to 7.3) | 4.7 (2.2 to 7.3) | ||||
| Non-optimal temperature | 5.1 (4.0 to 6.3) | 5.1 (4.0 to 6.3) | ||||
| Occupational risks | 7.3 (5.9 to 8.9) | 6.6 (5.2 to 8.2) | 0.3 (0.3 to 0.3) | 0.4 (0.3 to 0.5) | ||
| Occupational carcinogens | 0.2 (0.2 to 0.2) | 0.2 (0.2 to 0.2) | ||||
| Occupational exposure to asbestos | 0 (0 to 0.1) | 0 (0 to 0.1) | ||||
| Occupational exposure to silica | 0.2 (0.1 to 0.2) | 0.2 (0.1 to 0.2) | ||||
| Occupational asthmagens | 0.4 (0.3 to 0.5) | 0.4 (0.3 to 0.5) | ||||
| Occupational particulate matter, gases, and fumes | 6.7 (5.3 to 8.3) | 6.6 (5.2 to 8.2) | 0.1 (0.1 to 0.1) | |||
| Behavioral risks | 23.1 (20.3 to 25.8) | 22.5 (19.7 to 25.0) | 0.7 (0.4 to 1.0) | |||
| Tobacco | 23.1 (20.3 to 25.8) | 22.5 (19.7 to 25.0) | 0.7 (0.4 to 1.0) | |||
| Smoking | 21.1 (18.8 to 23.4) | 20.4 (18.1 to 22.6) | 0.7 (0.4 to 1.0) | |||
| Secondhand smoke | 3.6 (1.9 to 5.5) | 3.6 (1.9 to 5.5) | ||||
| Metabolic risks | 0.9 (0.5 to 1.5) | 0.9 (0.5 to 1.5) | ||||
| High body-mass index | 0.9 (0.5 to 1.5) | 0.9 (0.5 to 1.5) | ||||
| DALYs | % Changea | Environmental/occupational risks | −51.6 (−57.2 to −42.9) | −52.0 (−57.7 to −43.0) | −44.4 (−52.9 to −31.2) | −45.9 (−52.8 to −38.7) |
| Air pollution | −56.9 (−63.3 to −47.6) | −56.9 (−63.3 to −47.6) | ||||
| Particulate matter pollution | −60.0 (−66.2 to −50.7) | −60.0 (−66.2 to −50.7) | ||||
| Ambient particulate matter pollution | −8.8 (−35.8 to 34.2) | −8.8 (−35.8 to 34.2) | ||||
| Household air pollution from solid fuels | −79.4 (−84.4 to −72.6) | −79.4 (−84.4 to −72.6) | ||||
| Ambient ozone pollution | −26.5 (−36.2 to −11.0) | −26.5 (−36.2 to −11.0) | ||||
| Non-optimal temperature | −55.1 (−62.7 to −40.5) | −55.1 (−62.7 to −40.5) | ||||
| Occupational risks | −44.7 (−50.5 to −34.4) | −44.5 (−50.7 to −33.5) | −44.4 (−52.9 to −31.2) | −45.9 (−52.8 to −38.7) | ||
| Occupational carcinogens | −40.9 (−51.3 to −25.9) | −40.9 (−51.3 to −25.9) | ||||
| Occupational exposure to asbestos | −6.1 (−18.3 to 5.9) | −6.1 (−18.3 to 5.9) | ||||
| Occupational exposure to silica | −43.3 (−54.2 to −27.1) | −43.3 (−54.2 to −27.1) | ||||
| Occupational asthmagens | −45.9 (−52.8 to −38.7) | −45.9 (−52.8 to −38.7) | ||||
| Occupational particulate matter, gases, and fumes | −44.7 (−50.8 to −33.6) | −44.5 (−50.7 to −33.5) | −54.3 (−61.5 to −39.9) | |||
| Behavioral risks | −45.5 (−50.8 to −37.9) | −44.5 (−49.8 to −36.7) | −59.6 (−65.3 to −54.1) | |||
| Tobacco | −45.5 (−50.8 to −37.9) | −44.5 (−49.8 to −36.7) | −59.6 (−65.3 to −54.1) | |||
| Smoking | −45.2 (−50.8 to −37.8) | −43.9 (−49.7 to −36.4) | −59.6 (−65.3 to −54.1) | |||
| Secondhand smoke | −49.3 (−55.1 to −37.5) | −49.3 (−55.1 to −37.5) | ||||
| Metabolic risks | −11.9 (−26.1 to 8.9) | −11.9 (−26.1 to 8.9) | ||||
| High body-mass index | −11.9 (−26.1 to 8.9) | −11.9 (−26.1 to 8.9) | ||||
| 2019 | Environmental/occupational risks | 510.9 (446.5 to 574.1) | 476.9 (411.7 to 538.6) | 11.1 (9.2 to 13.5) | 22.9 (18.2 to 28.2) | |
| Air pollution | 349.8 (280.2 to 413.2) | 349.8 (280.2 to 413.2) | ||||
| Particulate matter pollution | 305.0 (239.7 to 369.2) | 305.0 (239.7 to 369.2) | ||||
| Ambient particulate matter pollution | 190.8 (153.5 to 234.8) | 190.8 (153.5 to 234.8) | ||||
| Household air pollution from solid fuels | 114.2 (69.8 to 172.4) | 114.2 (69.8 to 172.4) | ||||
| Ambient ozone pollution | 77.0 (37.0 to 119.5) | 77.0 (37.0 to 119.5) | ||||
| Non-optimal temperature | 77.9 (59.9 to 96.8) | 77.9 (59.9 to 96.8) | ||||
| Occupational risks | 177.0 (151.8 to 203.6) | 143.0 (118.6 to 168.7) | 11.1 (9.2 to 13.5) | 22.9 (18.2 to 28.2) | ||
| Occupational carcinogens | 8.8 (7.1 to 10.9) | 8.8 (7.1 to 10.9) | ||||
| Occupational exposure to asbestos | 0.9 (0.7 to 1.0) | 0.9 (0.7 to 1.0) | ||||
| Occupational exposure to silica | 7.9 (6.2 to 10.0) | 7.9 (6.2 to 10.0) | ||||
| Occupational asthmagens | 22.9 (18.2 to 28.2) | 22.9 (18.2 to 28.2) | ||||
| Occupational particulate matter, gases, and fumes | 145.4 (120.9 to 171.1) | 143 (118.6 to 168.7) | 2.3 (1.9 to 2.9) | |||
| Behavioral risks | 495.4 (444.3 to 546.0) | 469.9 (418.1 to 519.1) | 25.5 (13.6 to 36.2) | |||
| Tobacco | 495.4 (444.3 to 546.0) | 469.9 (418.1 to 519.1) | 25.5 (13.6 to 36.2) | |||
| Smoking | 449.5 (403.9 to 493.6) | 424.0 (380.2 to 465.7) | 25.5 (13.6 to 36.2) | |||
| Secondhand smoke | 78.8 (39.2 to 118.7) | 78.8 (39.2 to 118.7) | ||||
| Metabolic risks | 44.8 (26.4 to 68.6) | 44.8 (26.4 to 68.6) | ||||
| High body-mass index | 44.8 (26.4 to 68.6) | 44.8 (26.4 to 68.6) | ||||
Data in parentheses are 95% Uncertainty Intervals (95% UIs).
COPD = Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, CRDs = Chronic Respiratory Diseases, DALYs = Disability-Adjusted Life Years.
a
% Change (1990–2019).